Agents and method for the treatment of proliferative diseases

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides selective kinase inhibitors of formula (I).

[0001] Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases presenting in various forms in various tissues but having in common the characteristic of uncontrolled cell proliferation. For some time, cancer has been recognized as a disease of uncontrolled cell proliferation. Thus, the rapidly proliferating cell has been the target of cancer chemotherapy. The goal is to find agents that are more effective against cancer cells than against normal cells. As the basic science of the cell progressed, it was shown that certain anticancer agents were more effective against malignant cells at certain stages of the cell cycle than against cells at other stages of the cell cycle.

[0002] Attempts were made to develop treatment regimens that took advantage of these observations (SHACKNEY, S. E. et al Cell Kinetics. IN: Bruce Chabner (ed.), Pharmacologic Principles of Cancer Treatment; W.B. Saunder Company: Philadelphia, pp. 45-76, (1982)). Cell replication is now recognized to be controlled by the transient, sequential, highly-regulated expression of a series of cyclins which associate with specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK's) (TAULES, M., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 33279-33286 (1998; FISHER, R. P. Current Opinion in Genetics & Develop. 7, 32-38 (1997); ARELLANO, M. et al., Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29, 559-573 (1997); and RAVITZ, M. J., et al. Adv. Cancer Res. 1997, 165-207 (1997)). These are serine/threonine protein kinases, which activate various enzymes and thereby initiate a cascade of phosphorylations allowing the cell to progress to the next stage of replication (COLLINS, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2776-2778 (1997); JACKS, T. et al., Science 280, 1035-1036 (1998)).

[0003] It has been found that cancerous cells often have mutated or missing components in the chain of proteins and enzymes, which control cell division. For example, the Rb protein, often called pRb, is a substrate for the cyclin-CDK's and is frequently missing or mutated in human tumors (KONSTANTINIDIS, A. K. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26506-26515 (1998); HARRINGTON, E. A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11945-11950 (1998); YAMAMOTO, et al., Oncol. Rep. 5, 447-451 (1997); BARTEK, J., et al., Exp. Cell Res. 237, 1-6 (1997); SELLERS, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 3301-3312 (1997); HERWIG, S. et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 246, 581-601 (1997)).

[0004] In addition to the kinases, which can help to move the cell from one phase of division to the next, there are CDK inhibitors (CKIs) that block the actions of specific cyclin-CDK complexes. The CKIs halt cell cycle progression and cause cells to enter the quiescent Go phase. The CKIs of the INK4 group, including p15, p16, p18, and p19, block the cyclin-CDK4 and cyclin-CDK6 complexes.

[0005] Calmodulin is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) activity and nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1-CDK4 during the G₁ phase (TAULES, M., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 33279-33286 (1998)). CDKs and cyclins are important in transition(s) (FISHER, R. P. Current Opinion in Genetics & Develop. 7, 32-38 (1997)). CDK/cyclin complexes are regulated during the cell cycle (ARELLANO, M. et al., Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29, 559-573 (1997)). Cyclin-dependent kinase during the G₁ phase, and the cell cycle generally are regulated by TGF-β (RAVITZ, M. J., et al. Adv. Cancer Res. 1997, 165-207 (1997)).

[0006] The most frequent alteration in human malignant disease thus far recognized is the overexpression, mutation, and/or disregulation of cyclin D (IMOTO, M., et al., Exp. Cell Res. 236, 173-180 (1997); JUAN, G., et al., Cell Prolif. 29, 259-266 (1996); GONG, J. et al., Cell Prolif. 28, 337-346 (1995) et al., 1995). The cyclin D1 gene, CCND1, is amplified in about 20% of breast cancers and the protein, cyclin Dl, is overexpressed in about 50% of breast cancers (BARNES, D. M. et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 52, 1-15 (1998); KAMALATI, T., et al., Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16, 415-426 (1998); STEEG, P. S. et al. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 52, 17-28 (1998); LANDBERG, G. et al., APMIS 105, 575-589 (1997); ALLE, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 847-854 (1998)). Overexpression of cyclin D1 has been reported in proliferative breast disease and in ductal carcinoma in situ, indicating that this change is important at the earliest stages of breast oncogenesis (ALLE, et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 847-854 (1998); STEEG, et al., Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 52, 17-28 (1998)).

[0007] One researcher (KAMALATI, T., et al., Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16, 415-426 (1998) et al. (1998)) treated normal human epithelial cells so that they overexpressed cyclin D1. These transfected cells had reduced growth factor dependency, a shortened cell cycle time, thus providing the cells with a growth advantage. In 123 colorectal carcinoma specimens, those staining strongly for cyclin D1 corresponded to patients with a 5-year survival rate of 53.3% while those that were negative or weakly staining had 5-year survival rates of 96.2 and 78.8% (MEEDA, K., et al., Oncology 55, 145-151 (1998); PALMQVIST, R., et al., Europ. J. Cancer 34, 1575-1581 (1998)).

[0008] Amplification of CCND1 was found in 25% of dysplastic head-and-neck lesions, and 22% of head-and-neck carcinomas. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was found in 53% of head-and-neck carcinomas. This indicates that in this disease, like breast cancer, alterations in cyclin Dl occur at the very earliest stages of tumorigenesis (KYOMOTO, R., et al., Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol.) 74, 576-581 (1997); PIGNATARO, L., et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 3069-3077 (1998) et al., 1998). In a study of 218 specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, patients with cyclin D1-positive tumors had significantly worse survival than patients with cyclin D1-negative tumors (SARBIA, M. et al., Int. J. Cancer (Pred. Oncol. 84, 86-91 (1999)).

[0009] In eight human esophageal carcinoma cell lines, 7 (87.5%) and 6 (75%) cell lines had homozygous deletions of the p16 and p15 genes (KITAHARA, K. et al., J. Exp. Therap. Oncol. 1, 7-12 (1996)). All of the p16-negative cell lines express high levels of cyclin Dl and CDK4.

[0010] The Rustgi laboratory (MUELLER, A, et al., Cancer Res. 57, 5542-5549 (1997); NAKAGAWA, H, et al., Oncogene 14, 1185-1190 (1997)) developed a transgenic mouse which the Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 promoter was linked to human cyclin D1 cDNA. The transgene protein localizes to squamous epithelium in the tongue and esophagus, resulting in a dysplastic phenotype associated with increased cell proliferation and indicating that cyclin D1 overexpression may be a tumor-initiating event. In a series of 84 specimens of soft-tissue sarcomas, there was no amplification of the CCND1 gene but there was overexpression of cyclin D1 in 29% of cases. The overexpression of cyclin D1 was significantly associated with worse overall survival (KIM, S. H., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2377-2382 (1998); YAO, J., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 1065-1070 (1998)).

[0011] Another researcher (MARCHETTI, A., et al., Int. J. Cancer 75, 187-192 (1998)) found that abnormalities of cyclin D1 and/or Rb at the gene and/or expression level were present in more than 90% of a series of non-small cell lung cancer specimens, indicating that cyclin D1 and/or Rb alterations represent an important step in lung tumorigenesis. In 49 out of 50 pancreatic carcinomas (98%), the Rb/p16 pathway was abrogated exclusively through inactivation of the p16 gene (SCHUTTE, M., et al., Cancer Res. 57, 3126-3130 (1997)).

[0012] Mantle cell lymphoma is defined as a subentity of malignant lymphomas characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) resulting in overexpression of cyclin Dl and, in addition, about 50% of these tumors have deletion of the p16 gene (DREYLING, M. H., et al., Cancer Res. 57, 4608-4614 (1997); TANIGUCHI, T., et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res.-89, 159-166 (1998)).

[0013] In a series of 17 hepatoblastomas, 76% showed overexpression of cyclin D1 and 88% showed overexpression of CDK4 (KIM, H., et al., Cancer Lett. 131, 177-183 (1998)). There was a correlation between high level cyclin Dl expression and tumor recurrence. Alterations in the cyclin D1/CDK4/pRb pathway have also been associated with a high percentage of prostate carcinomas (HAN, E. K. H., et al., The Prostate 35, 95-101 (1998)), ovarian carcinomas (MASCIULLO, V., et al., Int. J. Cancer Pred. Oncol. 74, 390-395 (1997)) and osteosarcomas (WEI, G., et al., Int. J. Cancer 80, 199-204 (1999) et al., 1999).

[0014] Six distinct classes of small molecules from natural products have been identified as inhibitors of CDKs: the purine-based compound olomoucine and analogs, butyrolactone, flavopiridol, staurosporine and UCN-01, suramin and 9-hydroxyellipticine (CARLSON et al., Cancer Res. 56, 2973-2978 (1996); DE AZEVEDO, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 243, 518-526 (1997); BRIDGES, A. J. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 5, 1245-1257 (1995); ORR, M. S., et al., REINHOLD, W., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278, 3803-3807 (1998) et al., 1998; KAKEYA, H., et al., Cancer Res. 58, 704-710 (1998); HARPER, J. W. Cancer Surveys 29, 91-107 (1997); HARRINGTON, E. A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11945-11950 (1998); GARRETT, M. D. et al., Current Opin. Genetics Develop. 9, 104-111 (1999); MGBONYEBI, O. P., et al., Cancer Res. 59, 1903-1910 (1999)). All of these molecules bind at the ATP-binding site of the enzyme and are competitive with ATP.

[0015] Olomoucine is an inhibitor of Cdc2, CDK2, CDK5 and MAP kinase in micromolar concentrations and has much weaker effects toward CDK4 and CDK6 (GARRETT, M. D. Current Opin. Genetics Develop. 9, 104-111 (1999)). Olomoucine has been reported to arrest several cell lines in G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle and block known CDK-dependent cellular activities.

[0016] Flavopiridol, a novel synthetic flavone, potently inhibits several cyclin-dependent kinases including CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK7 (SEDLACEK, H. H., et al., Int. J. Cancer 65, 1143-1168 (1996); CZECH, J., et al., Int. J. Oncol. 6, 31-36 (1995); BIBLE, K. C. et al., Cancer Res. 56, 4856-4861 (1996); SCHRUMP., D. S., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2885-2890 (1998); BRUSSELBACH, S., et al., Int. J. Cancer, 77, 146-152 (1998); JAGER, W., et al., Life Sciences 62, 1861-1873 (1998); SENDEROWICZ, A. M., et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 2986-2999 (1998)). Exposure to flavopiridol can cause cells to arrest in both the G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle, at concentrations similar to those required for cell growth inhibition (BIBLE, K. C. et al., Cancer Res. 56, 4856-4861 (1996); SCHRUMP, D. S., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 4, 2885-2890 (1998)). Flavopiridol inhibits the CDK's in a manner competitive with ATP and noncompetitive with the substrate. Flavopiridol also inhibits other protein kinases such as protein kinase C, protein kinase A, and EGFR but at concentrations of 10 μM/L or greater. Flavopiridol is an active antitumor agent in several human tumor xenograft models including Colo-205 colon carcinoma, and DU-145 and LNCaP prostate carcinomas (SEDLACEK, H. H., et al., Int. J. Cancer 65, 1143-1168 (1996); CZECH, J., et al., Int. J. Oncol. 6, 31-36 (1995)). Flavopiridol has shown completed Phase I clinical trial administered as a 72-hour continuous intravenous infusion every 2 weeks (SENDEROWICZ, A. M., et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 2986-2999 (1998), and phase II trials are underway.

[0017] Much has already been published on the antineoplastic properties of certain compounds such as bisindolylmaleimides, indolocarbazoles, and derivations thereof. Staurosporine and UCN-01 are members of this broad molecular class (COLEMAN, K. G., et al., Ann. Reps. Med. Chem. 32, 171-179 (1997)). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,517 discloses substituted pyrroles, which are useful as antiproliferative agents in the treatment of cancer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,747 discloses substituted pyrroles useful in the prevention or control of oncological disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,245 discloses indolylpyrrolones useful in controlling oncological disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,050 (Godecke) discloses indolocarbazole derivatives useful in the prevention and treatment of cancer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,511 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,855 discloses fused pyrrolocarbazoles for the inhibition of growth associated with hyperproliferative states.

[0018] In addition to the kinases, which control the cell division cycle, there are over several hundred other kinases found in the human body. These kinases perform such diverse functions as growth factor and cytokine signal transduction, inflammatory mediators, biochemical routes controlling activity of nuclear transcription factors and apoptotic pathways. In treating proliferative diseases, it is particularly desirable to use a kinase inhibitor with a relatively narrow activity. Anti-cancer agents are generally given at high doses in order to kill as many cancerous cells as possible. With such high dosing, side effects due to broad kinase inhibition can become a serious problem. Accordingly, to treat proliferative diseases, it is desirable to use kinase inhibitors that are relatively selective for kinases controlling cell division.

[0019] The present invention provides compounds of Formula I

[0020] where:

[0021] A and B are independently O or S;

[0022] X and Y are both hydrogen or, taken together, form a bond;

[0023] R¹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

[0024] R⁵ and R⁵′ are optionally up to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio and arylthio;

[0025] R⁶ and R⁶′ are optionally up to three substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl;

[0026] R⁷ and R⁷′ are optionally substituents independently selected from (C₁-C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—Z;

[0027] Z is halo, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)₃SiO—, (diphenyl)(C₁-C₆ alkyl)SiO, carboxy, (C₁-C₄ alkoxy)carbonyl, or NR⁸R⁹;

[0028] R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl,;

[0029] R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; or

[0030] R⁸ and R⁹ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocycle optionally substituted with one or two hydroxy, amino, or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups;

[0031] Q¹ and Q⁶ are independently O, S(O)_(n) or —(CH₂)₁₋₃—;

[0032] Q² and Q⁵ are independently selected from a carbon-carbon single bond, a carbon-carbon double bond, —NR¹⁰—, or —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—;

[0033] Q³ and Q⁴ are independently selected from —(CH₂)₁₋₃—;

[0034] R¹⁰ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, hetroarylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, substituted (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;

[0035] R¹¹ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered saturated heterocycle;

[0036] m is independently at each occurance 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

[0037] n is independently at each occurance 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0038] The invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound of Formula I in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

[0039] Furthermore, the invention provides a method for the inhibition of CDK4 in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

[0040] The invention also provides a method for the treatment of cell proliferative disorders in mammals comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I.

[0041] The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament useful for the inhibition of CDK4.

[0042] The invention further provides the use of a compound of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder.

[0043] The following definitions are to set forth the meaning and scope of the various terms used herein. The general terms used herein have their usual meanings.

[0044] As used herein, the term “hyperproliferative state” refers to those cells whose unregulated and/or abnormal growth can lead to the development of an unwanted condition, for example, a cancerous condition or a psoriatic condition.

[0045] As used herein, the term “psoriatic condition” refers to disorders involving keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine alteration.

[0046] As used herein, the term “neoplasm” refers to an abnormal new growth of tissue that grows by cellular proliferation more rapidly than normal, continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease, shows partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue, and usually forms a distinct mass of tissue which may be either benign or malignant.

[0047] As used herein, the term “proliferative diseases” refers to diseases in which some tissue in a patient proliferates at a greater than normal rate. Proliferative diseases may be cancerous or non-cancerous. Non-cancerous proliferative diseases include epidermic and dermoid cysts, lipomas, adenomas, capillary and cutaneous hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, nevi lesions, teratomas, nephromas, myofibromatosis, osteoplastic tumors, other dysplastic masses and the like.

[0048] The types of proliferative diseases which may be treated using the compositions of the present invention are epidermic and dermoid cysts, lipomas, adenomas, capillary and cutaneous hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, nevi lesions, teratomas, nephromas, myofibromatosis, osteoplastic tumors, other dysplastic masses and the like.

[0049] The types of cancers which may be treated with the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Breast Carcinoma, Bladder Carcinoma, Brain Cancer, Colorectal Carcinoma, Esophageal Carcinoma, Gastric Carcinoma, Germ Cell Carcinoma e.g. Testicular Cancer, Gynecologic Carcinoma, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma, Lymphomas, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Malignant Melanoma, Multiple Myeloma, Neurologic Carcinoma, Ovarian Carcinoma, Pancreatic Carcinoma, Prostate Carcinoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Ewings Sarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Pediatric Malignancies and the like.

[0050] The general chemical terms used herein have their usual meanings. For example, as used herein, the term “alkyl,” alone or in combination, denotes a straight-chain or branched-chain C₁-C₆ alkyl group consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, examples of which are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and the like. The term “C₁-C₆ alkyl” also refers to C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

[0051] The term “alkenyl,” alone or in combination, denotes a straight-chain or branched-chain C₂-C₆ alkenyl group consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms and containing a carbon-carbon double bond, examples of which are ethylene, propylene, methylethylene, butylene, and the like.

[0052] The term “alkoxy,” alone or in combination, denotes an alkyl group as defined earlier which is attached via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.

[0053] As used herein, the term “substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl” represents a straight or branched alkyl chain substituted with a carboxyl, (C₁-C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)amino, tetrahydrofuryl or up to one hydroxy moiety for each carbon atom an the alkyl chain.

[0054] As used herein, the term “aryl” represents a phenyl or naphthyl moiety optionally substituted with from one to three substituents selected from halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxy, amino or C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

[0055] As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” means a stable one- or two-ring aromatic moiety that comprised of carbon atoms and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, phthalimido, indolyl, purinyl, benzothiazolyl, and the like. The heteroaryl moiety may be optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from amino, hydroxy, C₁₋₇ alkoxy, aryloxy, C₁₋₇ alkyl, aminoalkyl, haloalkyl and halogen.

[0056] As used herein, the term “saturated heterocycle” is taken to be a 4-9 membered ring containing nitrogen and optionally one other atom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

[0057] As used herein, the term “halo” or “halogen” or “halide” represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. A haloalkyl is one such alkyl substituted with one or more halo atoms, preferably one to three halo atoms. However, all the hydrogen atoms in alkyl group may be replaced by halogens. As more halogens are added to an alkyl group, fluorine is preferred over the other halogens. An example of a haloalkyl is trifluoromethyl.

[0058] As used herein, an “amino acid residue” is taken to mean the product of an amino acid coupled to the compound of Formula I through the carboxylic acid moiety, forming an amide or ester bond, or through the α- or β-amino moiety, forming an amide or amine bond.

[0059] As used herein, a “protected amino acid residue” is taken to mean an amino acid residue where the amine or carboxylic acid moieties not participating in the bond to the compound nucleus are protected by suitable protecting groups. Such groups include tert-butyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

[0060] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes acid and base addition salts. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acid addition salts such as hydrochloride, sulfate, and phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, and citrate. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable basic salts include metal salts such as the alkali metal salts such as the sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt, aluminum salt, and zinc salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable ammonium salts are ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amine addition salts are salts with morpholine and piperidine. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid addition salts include salts with lysine, glycine, and phenylalanine. Preferred salts include those with hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and methanesulfonic acid.

[0061] As used herein the term “amino acid” includes both naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids and includes both the D and L forms of the acids as well as the racemic form. More specifically, amino acids contain up to ten carbon atoms. They may contain an additional carboxyl group, and heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur. Preferably the amino acids are α- and β-amino acids. The term a-amino acid refers to amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon directly attached to the carboxyl group, which is the a-carbon. The term β-amino acid refers to amino acids in which the amino group is attached to a carbon two removed from the carboxyl group, which is the β-carbon. Some common a-amino acid residues are shown in Table I wherein the residues are given the name of the amino acids from which they are derived. TABLE I

[0062] Suitable β-amino acid residues can be the β-amino derivative of any suitable α-amino acid residue wherein the amino group is attached to the residue through the β-carbon rather than the α-carbon relative to the carboxyl group, for example, 3-aminopropionoic acid, 3-amino-3-phenylpropionoic acid, 3-aminobutyric acid and the like:

[0063] Although all of the compounds of Formula I are useful CDK4 inhibitors, certain compounds are preferred. The following paragraphs define preferred classes.

[0064] aa) A and B are both oxygen;

[0065] ab) X and Y, taken together, form a bond;

[0066] ac) R¹ is hydrogen;

[0067] ad) R⁵ is halogen;

[0068] ae) R⁶ is geminal dimethyl;

[0069] af) R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(m)—Z;

[0070] ag) R⁷ is hydroxymethyl;

[0071] ah) R⁵ is halogen;

[0072] ai) R⁶ is geminal dimethyl;

[0073] aj) R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(m)—Z;

[0074] ak) R⁷′ is hydroxymethyl;

[0075] al) m is 0;

[0076] am) m is 1, 2, or 3;

[0077] an) m is 1;

[0078] ao) Z is (C₁-C₄ alkoxy)carbonyl;

[0079] ap) Z is methoxycarbonyl;

[0080] aq) Z is hydroxy;

[0081] ar) Z is NR⁸R⁹;

[0082] as) R⁸ and R⁹ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-4-yl, or diazepinyl;

[0083] at) Q² is a carbon-carbon single bond;

[0084] au) Q² is —NR¹⁰—;

[0085] av) Q² is —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—;

[0086] aw) Q⁵ is a carbon-carbon single bond;

[0087] ax) Q⁵ is —NR¹⁰—;

[0088] ay) Q⁵ is —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—;

[0089] az) Q¹, Q², and Q³, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 6-membered ring, a 7-membered ring, or an 8-membered ring;

[0090] ba) Q¹, Q², and Q³, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted ring;

[0091] bb) Q¹ is —(CH₂)—;

[0092] bc) Q¹ is —(CH₂)₂—;

[0093] bd) Q³ is —(CH₂)—;

[0094] be) Q³ is —(CH₂)₂—;

[0095] bf) Q³ is —(CH₂)₃—;

[0096] bg) Q⁴, Q⁵, and Q⁶, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a 6-membered ring, a 7-membered ring, or an 8-membered ring;

[0097] bh) Q⁴, Q⁵, and Q⁶, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an unsubstituted ring;

[0098] bi) Q⁶ is —(CH₂)—;

[0099] bj) Q⁶ is —(CH₂)₂—;

[0100] bk) Q⁴ is —(CH₂)—;

[0101] bl) Q⁴ is —(CH₂)₂—;

[0102] bm) Q⁴ is —(CH₂)₃—;

[0103] bn) Q2 is a carbon-carbon single bond and Q⁵ is —NR¹⁰— or —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—;

[0104] bo) R¹⁰ is methanesulfonyl;

[0105] bq) R¹⁰ is heteroarylsulfonyl;

[0106] br) R¹⁰ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

[0107] bs) R¹⁰ is hydrogen.

[0108] The preceding paragraphs may be combined to define additional preferred classes of compounds.

[0109] The compounds of Formula I are useful for the treatment of disorders of mammals, and the preferred mammal is a human.

[0110] The skilled artisan will appreciate that the introduction of certain substituents will create asymmetry in the compounds of Formula I. The present invention contemplates all enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, including racemates. It is preferred that the compounds of the invention containing chiral centers are single enantiomers.

[0111] Variables R⁵, R⁵, R⁶, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁷ may optionally be selected from specified groups. A preferred embodiment of the invention are those compounds where no substituent is selected from said groups.

[0112] The carbazoles, compounds of Formula I where X and Y taken together form a bond, are prepared by oxidation of the corresponding maleimide, compounds of Formula I where X and Y are each hydrogen. This oxidative step is illustrated in Scheme I, where the ring designated “A” corresponds to the annulated rings of Formula I. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the transformations illustrated in the following schemes are not limited to the unsubstituted compounds represented. Substituents have been eliminated in the following schemes for the sake of clarity, and are not intended to limit the teaching of the schemes in any way.

[0113] This transformation may be prepared by a number of methods. For example, the maleimide of formula (ii) in an appropriate solvent, such as acetic acid, may be treated with a palladium salt such as palladium dichloride, palladium bis(trifluoroacetate), or preferably palladium diacetate. The reaction is conducted at a temperature of about 60° C. to about reflux, and the mixture is stirred for 1-24 hours. The resulting carbazole of formula (i) is recovered by standard isolation techniques and may be purified by chromatography or recrystallization as necessary or desired.

[0114] Alternatively, a mixture of a maleimide of formula (Ii) in a suitable solvent, such as benzene, an acid, such as para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is stirred at about reflux for 1-6 hours, after which the mixture is allowed to cool to about ambient temperature and stirred for an additional 1-24 hours. The resulting carbazole of formula (i) is isolated and purified by standard techniques.

[0115] Furthermore, a maleimide of formula (ii) and iodine in a suitable solvent, such as dioxane, may be reacted via irradiation by a medium-pressure mercury lamp. The reaction mixture is irradiated for about 10 minutes to about 24 hours. The resulting carbazole formula (i) may be isolated and purified by standard techniques.

[0116] The requisite maleimides of formula (ii) may be prepared from an appropriately substituted oxoacetic acid ester and an appropriately substituted acetamide as illustrated in Scheme II, where the ring designated “A” corresponds to the annulated rings of Formula I.

[0117] The oxoacetic acid esters of formula (iii) are reacted with an acetamide of formula (iv), in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, in the presence of a suitable base, preferably potassium tert-butoxide. The condensation reaction is conducted at 0° C. or room temperature, and the reactants are stirred for 1-24 hrs. The reaction mixture was treated with a suitable acid, such as hydrochloric acid, after which the mixture is stirred at about ambient temperature for 1-24 hours. The resulting maleimide (ii) may be isolated by standard techniques, and purified by crystallization or chromatography as necessary or desired.

[0118] The requisite annulated-indole acetamides (iv) may be prepared from the corresponding annulated-indole oxoacetic acid esters (iii) by reaction with ammonium hydroxide in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether. The reaction is conducted at about 0° C. for 1-12 hours, after which the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to about ambient temperature. The resulting ketoamide may be isolated by standard techniques and purified by crystallization or chromatography as necessary or desired. This ketoamide is then reduced by reaction with a precious metal catalyst, such as palladium, and sodium hypophosphite in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or dimethylformamide. The reaction is conducted under nitrogen at about reflux conditions for 1-12 hours. The resulting acetamide is isolated by standard techniques and may be purified by crystallization or chromatography as necessary or desired.

[0119] The annulated-indole oxoacetic acid esters (iii) may be prepared by reacting an appropriately substituted annulated-indole with oxalyl chloride in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane or diethyl ether. The addition is performed at a temperature of about 0° C., and the mixture is stirred for 30-120 minutes. The mixture is then cooled to about −78° C. and than a source of alkoxide, such as sodium methoxide, is added in an appropriate solvent, such as methanol. The resulting oxoacetic acid ester may be isolated by standard techniques and purified by crystallization or chromatography as necessary or desired.

[0120] The requisite annulated-indoles are prepared by a variety of methods depending upon the specific structure of the ring system. Synthetic methodologies leading to the various annulated-indoles are illustrated in the following schemes and discussed in the following paragraphs. The preparations and examples further illustrate these basic routes as well as modifications to these routes to prepare certain requisite substituted variants.

[0121] 4,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indoles

[0122] An N-aminoindoline (Wijngaarden, et al., J. Med. Chem., 36, 3693 (1993)) is treated with ethyl pyruvate in a suitable solvent, such as ethanol, at reflux. After about an hour, the imine from this reaction is dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as acetic acid, and is treated with an appropriate Lewis acid, such as boron trifluoride etherate, at reflux for about an hour. The resulting ethyl pyrroloindole-2-carboxylic acid is isolated by standard conditions. The ester is hydrolyzed to provide the corresponding carboxylic acid under standard conditions, and then is decarboxylated in the presence of copper(II) oxide in quinoline to provide compounds of formula (viii).

[0123] 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolines

[0124] An appropriately substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline is reacted with ethyl bromopyruvate in an appropriate solvent, such as dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofuran. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1-30 hours. The product from this reaction is isolated by standard techniques and is then reacted with an appropriate magnesium halide, typically magnesium chloride, and an appropriate alcohol in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or dimethylformamide. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the addition must be performed slowly and carefully, after which the resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 1-12 hours at about reflux. The resulting carboxylic acid ester is isolated by standard techniques. This ester is then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated under standard conditions to provide compounds of formula (ix).

[0125] 3,4-Dihydro-5-thia-2a-aza-acenaphthalene and 3,4-Dihydro-5-oxo-2a-aza-acenaphthalene

[0126] Compounds of formula (x) are prepared beginning with 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazine or 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine by the same techniques described for the compounds of formula (ix). The corresponding sulfoxide and sulfones may be prepared at any convenient point in the synthesis by oxidation with an appropriate reagent, such as meta-chloroperbenzoic acid.

[0127] 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole

[0128] An appropriately substituted 1-tetralone is reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride under standard conditions to provide the corresponding oxime. This oxime is heated in a strong acid, such as polyphosphoric acid, for about 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was treated with ice and water to precipitate the corresponding 1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-2-one. This lactam is reduced under standard conditions to provide the corresponding 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine. Reaction of this amine with ethyl bromopyruvate, followed by treatment with magnesium chloride, ester hydrolysis, and decarboxylation as described above for compounds of formula (ix), provides the compounds of formula (xi).

[0129] 5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indoles

[0130] An appropriately substituted indole-7-carboxaldehyde in an appropriate solvent, such as 1,2-dichloroethane, is reacted with an appropriately substituted amino acid methyl ester and acetic acid. This reaction is conducted under nitrogen at about ambient temperature in the presence of a mild reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 24 hours, and the resulting amino ester is isolated by standard techniques. The ester moiety is reduced to the corresponding alcohol by treatment with a suitable reducing agent, typically lithium aluminum hydride, in an appropriate solvent, typically tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether. The secondary amine moiety is now reacted with an appropriate reagent to introduce a suitable amino protecting group “Pg”, such as a formyl group, acetyl group, or preferably a tert-butoxycarbonyl moeity. Techniques for the introduction of these groups are well known to the skilled artisan. A solution of this compound in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane or diethyl ether, is reacted with an appropriate reagent to activate the hydroxy moiety, providing a leaving group (“Lg”). The skilled artisan would appreciate that appropriate leaving groups include halides, oxonium ions, alkyl perchlorates, ammonioalkanesulfonate esters, alkyl fluorosulfonates, nonaflates, tresylates, triflates, and sulfonic esters, preferably the mesylate or tosylate. Techniques for the introduction of these groups are well known to the skilled artisan. (See for example: March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry,” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1992, pg. 352-362). The activated compound is then dissolved in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, and is reacted with a strong base, such as potassium hydride or sodium hydride. The reaction is conducted under nitrogen at about 0° C. and stirred for 30-120 minutes. The compound of formula (xii) is isolated and purified by standard techniques. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the nitrogen-protecting groups may be removed at any convenient point in the synthesis of the compounds of the present invention. Methods of removing an amino-protecting group are well known in the art (for example, see: T. W. Greene, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1991, Chapter 7).

[0131] 5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]homodiazepino-[6,7,1-hi]indoles

[0132] An appropriately substituted indole-7-carboxaldehyde in an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or toluene, is reacted with a suitable methylenating reagent at about ambient temperature. Suitable methylenating reagents include Tebbe reagent (μ-chloro-μ-methylene[bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium]dimethylaluminum) and appropriate Wittig reagents, such as methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, in the presence as a suitable base, such as potassium tert-butoxide. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1-6 hours, after which the resultant vinylindole is isolated under standard techniques. This compound is then hydroborated and oxidized under standard conditions to provide the corresponding hydroxyethylindole. This alcohol is then activated as previously described, and reacted with ethanolamine or an appropriate amino acid ester. When aminoethanol is employed, the resulting alcohol is activated and the compound cyclized as previously described. When an amino acid ester is employed, the resulting ester is first reduced, and then activated and the compound cyclized as previously described to provide compounds of formula (xiii). The skilled artisan will appreciate that the nitrogen-protecting groups may be removed at any convenient point in the synthesis of the compounds of the present invention.

[0133] Pyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane

[0134] An appropriately substituted 7-vinylindole is alkylated with an appropriate bromoalkene under standard conditions and the resulting diene is reacted with bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium (IV) dichloride (Grubb's catalyst) at room temperature in a suitable solvent, such as dichloromethane. After about 24 hours the cyclized alkene is isolated by standard techniques. The double bond may then be reduced under standard hydrogenation conditions to provide the compounds of formula (xiv).

[0135] [1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indoles

[0136] An appropriately substituted indole-7-carboxaldehyde was reductively aminated with allylamine in the presence of a suitable acid, such as acetic acid, and an appropriate reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride in an appropropriate solvent, such as 1,2-dichloroethane. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for about 24 hours and the resulting amine is isolated and purified by standard techniques. The amine is then protected as previously described and the indole nitrogen alkylated with allyl bromide under standard conditions. The diene is then cyclized as previously described to provide the cyclic alkene. The double bond may then be reduced under standard hydrogenation conditions to provide the compounds of formula (xv).

[0137] The skilled artisan will appreciate that compounds of the invention where variables A and B are independently S may be prepared by treating either the final compound or an appropriate carbonyl starting material with [2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disulfide] (Lawesson's Reagent) or phosphorus pentasulfide.

[0138] Many of the compounds of the present invention are not only inhibitors of CDK4, but are also useful intermediates for the preparation of additional compounds of the present invention. For example, secondary amines may be acylated, alkylated or coupled with simple carboxylic acids or amino acids under standard conditions. Furthermore, ester moieties may be reduced to the corresponding alcohols. These alcohols may then be activated and displaced by a number of nucleophiles to provide other compounds of the invention. The skilled artisan will also appreciate that not all of the substituents in the compounds of Formula I will tolerate certain reaction conditions employed to synthesize the compounds. These moieties may be introduced at a convenient point in the synthesis, or may be protected and then deprotected as necessary or desired. Furthermore, the skilled artisan will appreciate that in many circumstances, the order in which moieties are introduced is not critical. The following preparations and examples will further illustrate the preparation of compounds of the present invention.

Preparation I 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0139] 3-(3,4-Dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-2-oxopropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0140] To a solution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (75.5 mL, 0.59 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) was added bromoethyl pyruvate (40 mL, 0.29 mol) dropwise over 30 minutes. Following 24 hours of stirring, the reaction mixture was filtered, the filter cake rinsed well with tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness to give 79.7 g of the desired compound as a red oil.

[0141] 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-1-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0142] Magnesium chloride (27.7 g, 0.29 mol) was added to 2-methoxyethanol (400 mL) and the mixture heated to reflux. A solution of 3-(3,4-Dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-yl)-2-oxopropionic acid ethyl ester (0.29 mol) in 2-methoxyethanol (100 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was slowly added to the MgCl₂ mixture over 1 hour. Upon completion of addition, the mixture was stirred for 5 hours at reflux, and then concentrated in vacuo. The concentrated crude mixture was treated with 2N hydrochloric acid (500 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×400 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 31.6 g (48%) of the desired compound as an orange solid. MS (IS, m/z) C₁₄H₁₅NO₂ (M⁺+1)=230.

[0143] 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-1-carboxylic Acid

[0144] To a solution of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (31 g, 0.14 mol) in ethanol (200 mL) and water (70 mL) was added 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide(60 mL, 0.3 mol) and the resulting mixture stirred at reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20-24° C., diluted with water (2 L) and washed with dichloromethane(2×200 mL) and diethyl ether (1×200 mL). The aqueous layer was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was acidified with conc. HCl (25 mL) to precipitate the product. The solid was filtered, washed with water (200 mL), and dried in vacuo to give 23.2 g (85%) of the desired compound as a light yellow solid. MS (IS, m/z) C₁₂H₁₁NO₂ (M⁺+1)=202.

[0145] Decarboxylation

[0146] To a solution of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-1-carboxylic acid (3.7 g, 18.4 mmol) in 20 mL of quinoline was added copper chromite (1.5 g, 4.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 185° C. for 4 hours and then cooled to 20-24° C., diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL) and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was then washed sequentially with 2 N hydrochloric acid (2×50 mL) and 2 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (25 mL). The remaining organic phase was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/Hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 1.67 g (58%) of the desired compound as a light tan solid.

[0147]¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.31-7.29 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.28-7.27 (d, 1H, J=2.93 Hz), 6.9-6.86 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.82-6.8 (dd, 1H, J=6.8, 1.0 Hz), 6.33-6.32 (d, 1H, J=2.93 Hz), 4.15-4.12 (t, 2H, J=5.6 Hz), 2.92-2.89 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 2.15-2.08 (m, 2H).

Preparation II (5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0148] To a solution of 5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline (1.67 g, 10.6 mmol) in 150 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether at 0° C. was added dropwise oxalyl chloride (1.05 mL, 12.08 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 40 minutes. The mixture was then cooled to −78° C. and sodium methoxide (42 mL, 21 mmol, 0.5 M in methanol) was added slowly. Upon completion of the addition, the dry ice bath was removed and the reaction was warmed to 20-24° C. over 2 hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with water (100 mL) and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL), filtered through a 2 inch plug of coarse silica gel and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.16 g (84%) of the desired compound as a yellow solid. MS (EI, m/z) C₁₄H₁₃NO₃ (M⁺−59)=184.

Preparation III (8-fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0149] Beginning with 8-fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0150] MS(ES): m/e=290 (M+1)

[0151] EA: Calculated for: C₁₆H₁₆FNO₃: Theory: C, 66.43; H, 5.58; N, 4.84. Found: C, 66.29; H, 5.50; N, 4.90.

Preparation IV S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(tert-Butoxy)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0152] S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amino)-propionic Acid Methyl Ester

[0153] To a solution of indole-7-carboxaldehyde (0.500 g, 3.44 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 mL) under nitrogen was added S—(O-tert-butyl)serine methyl ester hydrochloride (1.09 g, 5.16 mmol), acetic acid (0.206 g, 0.197 mL, 3.44 mmol), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.46 g, 6.88 mMol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 20-24° C. for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then quenched by the addition of aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic phase was extracted with dichloromethane and washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexane (3:7). Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 0.96 g (92%) of the desired product as an oil. MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=305.0

[0154] S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amino)propan-1-ol

[0155] To a solution of S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amino)propionic acid methyl ester (0.960 g, 3.15 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) at −78° C. was added lithium aluminum hydride (1 M in toluene, 6.31 mL) dropwise. The resulting reaction solution was warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 1 hour then warmed to 20-24° C. and stirred for 1 hour. It was cooled to 0° C., and was then quenched by the sequential addition of methanol followed by water. The suspension was filtered, washed with methanol and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with methanol:ethylacetate (1:9). Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced presuure to provide 0.51 g (59%) of the desired compound. MS (ES, m/z) (M−1)=275.1, (M+1)=277.1.

[0156] S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]-N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]amino)propan-1-ol

[0157] A solution of S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amino)propan-1-ol (0.510 g, 1.85 mmol) and di(tert-butyl) dicarbonate (0.480 g, 2.21 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1). Fractions containing product were combined to provide 0.58 g (84%) of the desired product as an oil.

[0158] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=377.1, (M−1)=375.1.

[0159] S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]-N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]amino)-1-(methanesulfonyloxy)propane

[0160] To a solution S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]-N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]amino)propan-1-ol (0.522 g, 1.39 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added triethylamine (0.94 mL, 0.680 g, 6.70 mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (0.159 g, 1.39 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. Ice-cooled water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used without further purification. MS (ES, m/z) (M−1)=453.1

[0161] Ring Closure

[0162] To a solution of S-3-(tert-Butoxy)-2-(N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]-N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]amino)-1-(methanesulfonyloxy)propane in dimethylformamide at 0° C. under nitrogen was added sodium hydride (0.083 g, 2.09 mmol, 60% suspension in oil). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then it was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The organic phase was separated, washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1). Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.34 g (68%) of the title compound as a white solid. MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=359.1

Preparation V (S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(tert-Butoxy)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0163] To a solution of S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(tert-butoxy)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole (0.330 g, 0.920 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added oxalyl chloride (0.46 ml, 0.920 mmol, 1M in dichloromethane) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour and then cooled to −78° C. Sodium methoxide (0.40 ml, 1.84 mmol, 4.63 M in methanol) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. The mixture was then washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1). Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.35 g (85%) of the title compound as a white solid.

[0164] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1) 445.1.

Preparation VI

[0165] 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0166] Beginning with indole-7-carboxaldehyde and DL-alanine methylester hydrochloride (0.72 g, 5.16 mmol), the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0167] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=287.0.

Preparation VII 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0168] Beginning with 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0169] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=373.0

Preparation VIII S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0170] Beginning with indole-7-carboxyaldehyde and S—(O-tert-butyl)tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0171] MS (ES, m/z) 435.1 (M+1)

Preparation IX (6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0172] Beginning with S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(4-tert-butoxyphenyl)methyl-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino [6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0173] MS (ES, m/z) 521.1 (M+1).

Preparation X 4, 5, 6, 7-Tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole

[0174] 3,4-Dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one Oxime

[0175] To a solution of α-tetralone (100.0 g, 0.68 mol) in 300 mL of methanol was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (71.0 g, 1.03 mol) and the resulting solution was stirred at reflux for 2 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to 20-24° C. and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was diluted with 1 L of water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized from isopropanol to provide 70.0 g (63%) of the desired compound as an off-white solid.

[0176] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₀H₁₁NO (M⁺+1)=162.4.

[0177] 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydrobenzo[b]azepin-2-one

[0178] A 1L 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer was charged with neat polyphosphoric acid (100 g) and the acid heated to 125° C. while being stirred under nitrogen. 3,4-Dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one oxime (15.0 g, 93 mmol) was added carefully to control exotherm, keeping the temperature below 175° C. Following 10 minutes of heating the mixture was cooled to 20-24° C. and the reaction quenched with ice and water to generate a precipitate. The aqueous suspension was filtered and the precipitate washed with water until the filtrate became neutral. The filtered solid was dried under vacuum to provide 12.8 g (85%) of the desired compound as an off-white solid.

[0179] MS (ES, m/z) C₁₀H₁₁NO (M⁺+1)=161.9

[0180] 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine

[0181] To a solution of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azepin-2-one (12.9 g, 80.0 mmol) in 720 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added 80 mL of lithium aluminum hydride (1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 3 hours and cooled to 0° C. The reaction was quenched by the sequential addition of 3 mL of water, 3 mL of 15% sodium hydroxide, and 9 mL of water. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filter cake rinsed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 10.0 g (85%) of the desired compound as an orange solid.

[0182] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₀H₁₃N (M⁺+1)=148.2.

[0183] 2-Oxo-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b]azepin-1-yl)-Propionic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0184] To a 0° C. suspension of 60% sodium hydride (3.0 g, 0.12 mol) in 300 mL of dimethylformamide was added 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine in small portions. Upon complete addition of the amine, the ice bath was removed and the reaction stirred at 20-24° C. for 40 minutes. Ethyl bromopyruvate (22.6 mL, 0.16 mol) was then added and the resulting mixture stirred at 20-24° C. for 6 hours. An additional 5 mL of ethyl bromopyruvate was added and the mixture stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 50 mL of water followed by dilution with 1.5 L of dichloromethane. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (2×500 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (500 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure at 60° C. The residual brown oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate (500 mL) and was washed 3 times with water (100 mL) and once with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5-10% EtOAc/hexanes to provide 7.0 g (40%) of the desired compound as an off white solid.

[0185] MS (FID, m/z) C₁₅H₁₉NO₃ (M⁺)=261.13.

[0186] 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole-1-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0187] Magnesium chloride (2.55 g, 26.8 mmol) was added to 30 mL of 2-methoxyethanol and the mixture heated to reflux. A solution of 2-oxo-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b]azepin-1-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (7.0 g, 26.8 mmol) in 2-methoxyethanol (20 mL) was slowly added to the MgCl₂ mixture over 1 hour. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 hours at reflux, cooled to 20-24° C. and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 400 mL of dichloromethane and washed with 2 N hydrochloric acid (100 mL), followed by saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) and finally saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. This residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 20% EtOAc/Hexane. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 3.1 g (48%) of the desired compound as a yellow oil.

[0188] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₅H₁₇NO₂ (M⁺+1)=244.4.

[0189] 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole-1-carboxylic Acid

[0190] To a solution of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (2.0 g, 8.22 mmol) in ethanol (13 mL) and water (9 mL) was added powdered sodium hydroxide (0.71 g, 17.8 mmol) and the resulting mixture stirred at reflux for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (100 mL) and washed with dichloromethane (2×50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The suspension was filtered and the recovered solid washed with water and dried under reduced pressure to provide 1.59 g (90%) of the desired compound as a white solid.

[0191] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₃H₁₃NO₂ (M⁺+1)=216.3

[0192] Decarboxylation

[0193] To a solution of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole-1-carboxylic acid (1.4 g, 6.5 mmol) in 7.5 mL of quinoline was added copper chromite (0.55 g, 1.77 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 185° C. for 4 hours and then cooled to room temperature, diluted with dichloromethane and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was washed with 2 N hydrochloric acid (2×25 mL) followed by 2 N sodium hydroxide (25 mL). The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5% EtOAc/Hexane to provide 0.85 g (76%) of the title compound as an orange solid.

[0194] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₂H₁₃N (M⁺)=171.4

Preparation XI (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indol-1-yl)oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0195] Beginning with 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0196] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₅H₁₅NO₃ (M⁺+1)=258.2

Preparation XII S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0197] Beginning with indole-7-carboxaldehyde and ethanolamine, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0198] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₂ (M⁺+1)=273

Preparation XIII (6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0199] Beginning with S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0200] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₂ (M⁺+1)=273

Preparation XIV 8,9-Dehydropyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane

[0201] 7-Vinyl-1H-indole

[0202] To 7-bromo-1H-indole (6.0 g, 30.6 mmol) in 150 mL of dimethylformamide was added tributyl(vinyl)tin (9.8 mL, 33.7 mmol), triphenylphosphine (0.4 g, 1.53 mmol), diphenyl-palladium(II) dichloride (1.07 g, 1.53 mmol) and lithium chloride (4.0 g, 94.4 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20-24° C. and poured into 150 mL of water and 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was washed with additional ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 3.5 g (80%) of the desired compound as a clear oil.

[0203] MS (FIA, m/z) C₁₀H₉N (M⁺+1)=144.2

[0204] 1-(Pent-4-en-1-yl)-7-vinyl-1H-indole

[0205] To a 0° C. solution of 7-vinylindole (5.0 g, 34.9 mmol) in 140 mL of dimethylformamide was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (3.5 g, 87.3 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the solution was warmed to 20-24° C. and stirred an additional 30 minutes. 5-Bromo-1-pentene (20 mL, 175 mmol) was added dropwise and stirring continued for 3 hrs. The solution was poured into 150 mL of water and 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was washed with additional ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 5.39 g (73%) of the desired compound as a clear oil.

[0206] MS (ES, m/z) C₁₅H₁₇N (M⁺+1)=212

[0207] Ring Closure

[0208] To a solution of 1-(Pent-4-en-1-yl)-7-vinyl-1H-indole (4.4 g, 20.8 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (3.0 L) was added 1.4 g of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidine ruthenium (IV) dichloride (Grubb's catalyst). The resulting solution was stirred at 20-24° C. for 24 hours. An additional 1.0 g of Grubb's catalyst was added to the reaction and the solution was stirred for 4 hours. The reaction was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 2-5% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 3.0 g (79%) of the title compound as a brown oil.

[0209]¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.41-7.39 (dd, 1H, J=7.81, 0.98 Hz), 7.22-7.21 (d, 1H, J=3.42 Hz), 6.94-6.9 (d, 1H, J=7.57 Hz), 6.81-6.8 (d, 1H, J=2.93 Hz), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.36-6.35 (d, 1H, J=2.93 Hz), 5.69-5.62 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.3 (bs, 2H), 2.19-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.55 (bs, 2H).

Preparation XV (8,9-Dehydropyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooct-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0210] Beginning with 8,9-Dehydropyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0211]¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.44 (S, 1H), 8.13-8.11 (dd, 1H, J=7.81, 0.98 Hz), 7.26-7.22 (t, 1H, J=7.81 Hz), 7.06-7.04 (d, 1H, J=7.33 Hz), 6.86-6.84 (d, 1.H, J=11.2 Hz), 5.84-5.74 (m, 1H), 4.6-4.4 (bs, 4H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.25-2.0 (bs, 2H)

Preparation XVI Pyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane

[0212] A solution of 8,9-Dehydropyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane (0.66 g, 3.6 mmol) in ethanol (130 mL) was hydrogenated in the presence of platinum oxide (100 mg) under balloon pressure for three hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite using dichloromethane and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.65 g (97%) of the title compound as a light yellow oil.

[0213] MS (ES, m/z) C₁₃H₁₅N (M⁺+1)=186

Preparation XVII (Pyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooct-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0214] Beginning with pyrrolo[3,2,1-k1]benzo[b]azacyclooctane, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0215]¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H, J=7.81 Hz), 7.18-7.15 (t, 1H, J=7.57 Hz), 7.03-7.01 (d, 1H, J=6.84 Hz), 4.65-4.62 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.3-3.15 (bs, 2H), 1.94-1.91 (t, 2H, J=6.1 Hz), 1.82-1.79 (t, 2H, J=5.86 Hz), 1.3-1.15 (bs, 2H).

Preparation XVIII 8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indole

[0216] N-Allyl N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine

[0217] To a solution of indole-7-carboxaldehyde 1 (4.00 g, 27.6 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (120 mL) at 20-24° C. was added allylamine (2.50 mL, 33.1 mmol), acetic acid (3.4 mL), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (5.85 g, 27.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 20-24° C. for 5 hours. An additional 1.5 g (7.1 mmol) of sodium triacetoxyborohydride was added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (300 mL), washed carefully with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (100 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4.21 g (82%) of the desired compound as a light yellow oil.

[0218] N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl] N-allyl N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine

[0219] To a 0° C. solution of N-allyl N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine (4.21 g, 22.6 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added a 0° C. solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.93 g, 22.6 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for two hours and allowed to warm to 20-24° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL). The phases were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (2×150 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 6.5 g (100%) of the desired compound as a light yellow oil.

[0220]¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.08-10.65 (m, 1H), 7.5-7.4 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.3 (bs, 1H), 6.97-6.94 (t, 1H, J=7.32 Hz), 6.92-6.8 (bs, 1H), 6.45-6.4 (m, 1H), 5.8-5.65 (m, 1H), 5.1-5.0 (m, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 3.85-3.68 (m, 2H), 1.5-1.2 (m, 9H)

[0221] MS (ES, M/z) C₁₇H₂₂N₂O₂ (M⁺+1)=287.2

[0222] N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl] N-allyl N-[(1-allyl-1H-indol-7-yl)Methyl]Amine

[0223] To a 0° C. solution of N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl] N-allyl N-[(1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine (6.6 g, 23 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide was added slowly sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.75 g, 43.7 mmol). The mixture was warmed to 20-24° C. and stirred for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of allyl bromide (4.0 mL, 46 mmol). The reaction was then stirred at 20-24° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (450 mL), washed with water (2×100 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (150 mL), and the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 6.8 g (91%) of the desired compound as a light brown oil.

[0224] MS (ES, m/z) C₂₀H₂₆N₂O₂ (M⁺+Na)=349.2

[0225] Ring Closure

[0226] Beginning with N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl] N-allyl N-[(1-allyl-1H-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine, the ring closure was performed essentially as described in Preparation XIV.

[0227] MS (ES, M/z) C₁₈H₂₂N₂O₂ (M⁺+Na)=321.2

[0228] Reduction

[0229] Beginning with the alkene prepared in the previous paragraph, the double bond was reduced to provide the title compound essentially as described in Preparation XVI.

[0230] MS (ES, m/z) C₁₈H₂₅N₂O₂ (M⁺)=301.2

Preparation XIX (8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0231] Beginning with 8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0232] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₅ (M⁺+1)=387.

Preparation XX 8-fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0233] Beginning with 6-fluoro-4,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1335-1340 (1999)), the title compound was prepared as described in Preparation I.

[0234] MS(ES): m/e=204.2 (M+1)

Preparation XXI N-[methyl]11-(aminomethyl)-2-fluoroindolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5,7-dione hydrochloride

[0235] Beginning with (N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]N-[methyl] 7-aminomethylindol-3-yl)oxoacetic acid methyl ester and (6-fluoroindol-3-yl)acetamide, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation XX.

[0236] MS(m/z): 421.1 (M⁺−1)

Preparation XXII S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]N-[methyl]4-aminobut-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0237] Beginning with indole-7-carboxaldehyde and lysine methyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0238] MS(m/z): 458.0 (M⁺+1)

Preparation XXIII (S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]N-[methyl]4-aminobut-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0239] Beginning with S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]N-[methyl] 4-aminobut-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1_(,)4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0240] MS(m/z): 544.0 (M⁺+1)

Preparation XXIV S-4-amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0241] S-4-benzyloxycarbonylamino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0242] To a solution of N-[benzyloxycarbonyl]-L-glutamic acid γ-tert-butyl ester (3.37 g, 10.0 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (10 ml) at −15° C. under nitrogen was added N-methyl-morpholine (1.11 ml, 10 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate (1.36 ml, 10 mmol). The resulting suspension was immediately filtered and washed with 1,2-dimethoxyethane. To the filtrate was added a solution of sodium borohydride (0-57 g, 15.0 mmol) in water (5 ml) and then water (250 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 3.08 g (95%) of the desired compound as an oil.

[0243] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=324.0, (M−1)=321.9.

[0244] N-Deprotection

[0245] A solution of S-4-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester (5.13 g, 15.9 mmol) in methanol (50 ml) was added to a suspension of Pd/C (1.69 g, 10%) in methanol (50 ml) and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 6 h. The catalyst was carefully filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 2.95 g (98%) of the title compound as a white solid.

[0246] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=189.9

Preparation XXV S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0247] Beginning with indole-7-carboxaldehyde and S-4-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0248] MS (ES, m/z), (M+1)=401.0

Preparation XXVI (S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0249] Beginning with S-6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino-[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0250] MS (ES, m/z) (M+1)=487.0

Preparation XXVII N-[benzyloxycarbonyl]N-[(indol-7-yl)methyl]-5-hydroxypentanoic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0251] To a solution of 5-hydroxy-4-[(1H-indol-7-ylmethyl)-amino]pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester (3.60 g, 11.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was added triethylamine (4.72 ml, 33.9 mmol) and N-[benzyloxycarbonyl]succinimide (2.54 g, 10.2 mmol) under nitrogen. Following 2 hours of stirring at room temperature the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:1). Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 3.96 g (86%) of the title compound as an oil.

[0252] MS (ES, m/z) 451.0 (M−1)

Preparation XXVIII S-6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0253] Beginning with N-[benzyloxycarbonyl] N-[(indol-7-yl)methyl]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0254]¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43 (m, 1H), 7.23 (m, 3H), 7.05-6.90 (m, 5H), 6.40 (m, 1H), 5.10-4.60 (m, 4H), 4.40-4.10 (m, 3H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Preparation XXIX (S-6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0255] Beginning with S-6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)eth-1-yl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]diazepino-[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation V.

[0256] MS (ES, m/z) 520.9 (M+1).

Preparation XXX 3,4-Dihydro-5-thia-2a-aza-acenaphthalene

[0257] 3,4-Dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]Thiazine.

[0258] A solution of (2H)1,4-benzothiazin-3 (4H)-one (20.0 g, 121.1 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added to a stirred suspension of lithium aluminum hydride in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) under nitrogen at 0° C. The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 hrs and then poured into a mixture of ethyl acetate (300 mL) and ice (500 g). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 17.68 g (96.5%) of the desired compound which was used without further purification.

[0259] IS-MS, m/e 151.9 (m+1)

[0260] Ring Formation/Decarboxylation

[0261] Beginning with 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]thiazine, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0262] IS-MS, m/e 175.9 (m+1).

Preparation XXXI (3,4-Dihydro-5-thia-2a-aza-acenaphthylen-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0263] Beginning with 3,4-dihydro-5-thia-2a-aza-acenaphthylene, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0264] IS-MS, m/e 261.9 (m+1)

Preparation XXXII 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,2-dimethylquinoline

[0265] N-[3,3-dimethylpropyn-3-yl]Aniline

[0266] A mixture of aniline (21.8 g, 234 mmol) and triethylamine (26.6 g, 263.3 mmol) in 100 mL ether, 25 mL water, 0.2 g copper(I) chloride and 0.2 g copper bronze was prepared under nitrogen in a three-neck flask equipped with mechanical stirrer. 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne (20 g, 195 mmol) in ether (25 mL) was slowly added with stirring while maintaining an inside temperature at 10-20° C. After stirring for an additional 2 hours at room temperature, the mixture was poured into a mixture of 200 mL ether and 100 mL water. The ethereal layer was washed with cold water, dried for 15 minutes over anhydrous potassium carbonate and filtered, redried with potassium hydroxide pellets overnight. The solution was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.

[0267] 1,2-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylquinoline

[0268] A mixture of N-[3,3-dimethylpropyn-3-yl]aniline and cuprous chloride (3.9 g) in toluene (140 mL) was refluxed under nitrogen for 4½ hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane:hexane (1:1) to provide the desired compound.

[0269] Reduction

[0270] 1,2-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylquinoline (13.69 g, 86.0 mmol) was hydrogenated over 5% platinum on carbon (12.5 g) in ethyl acetate (500 mL) at room temperature and 60 PSI to give 12.8 g (92.4% yield) of the title compound.

[0271] IS-MS, m/e 162.0 (m+1)

Preparation XXXIII 6-(4-fluorophenyl)indole

[0272] A degassed solution of 6-bromoindole (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol), 4-fluorobenzeneboronic acid (0.928 g, 6.63 mmol), potassium phosphate (2.7 g, 153 mmol) and palladium(0)tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine) (0.294 g, 0.255 mmol) in dimethylacetamide (50 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 14 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water. The suspension was filtered, the solid washed with water and then dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:4) to give 0.411 g (38.2%) of the title compound as a white crystalline solid.

[0273] IS-MS-, m/e 209.9 (m−1)

Preparation XXXIV (6-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0274] Beginning with 6-(4-fluorophenyl)indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0275] IS-MS, m/e 295.9 (m−1).

Preparation XXXV (6-(pyridin-3-yl)indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0276] Beginning with 6-bromoindole and pyridine-3-boronic acid, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation XXXIII and XXXIV.

[0277] IS-MS, m/e 278.9 (m−1).

Preparation XXXVI 4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole and pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole

[0278] Pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-, Ethyl Ester

[0279] To a solution of N-amino-indoline (Wijngaarden, Ineke van, et al., J. Med. Chem., 36, 3693 (1993)) (1.0 g, 7.45 mmol) in 15 mL absolute ethanol was added ethyl pyruvate (0.88 ml, 7.88 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen for one hour. After cooling, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure to give 1.61 g (93%) of the crude product as a tan solid. The crude imine (0.5 g, 2.15 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and treated with boron trifluoride etherate (0.28 mL, 2.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 45 minutes, cooled and poured into 25 mL ice-water. Extraction with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL) was followed by washing of the combined organic layers with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1×20 mL), water (1×20 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (1×10 mL). After drying over sodium sulfate, the ethyl acetate extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and filtered through a plug of flash silica gel, washing with 15 mL of 2% methanol in dichloromethane. Concentration under reduced pressure gave the product in 19% yield as a yellow solid.

[0280] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₃H₁₃N₁O₂ (M⁺)=215.

[0281] 4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid

[0282] To a solution of the ester (2.2 g, 10.2 mmol) in 50 mL of ethanol was added 50 mL of 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide and the mixture was heated at reflux for 40 minutes. After cooling in an ice-bath, the reaction was neutralized with 50 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid and extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product (1.78 g, 94%) as a yellow solid. MS (EI, m/z) C₁₁H₉N₁O₂ (M⁺, M⁺−CO₂H)=187, 142.

[0283] Decarboxylation

[0284] A solution of the carboxylic acid (1.5 g, 8.0 mmol) and copper(II) oxide (2.5 g, 31.4 mmol) in 40 mL of quinoline was heated to 200° C. for 90 minutes. After cooling to room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL), filtered through Celite and washed with 2.0 M hydrochloric acid (3×50 mL), water (1×50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (1×50 mL). The organic layer was filtered through a pad of flash silica gel and evaporated to 1.5 g of a dark oil. Chromatography (1-3% ethyl acetate in hexanes) gave 4,5-dihydro-pyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole (0.364 g) in 33% yield as a tan solid.

[0285] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₀H₉N₁ (M⁺+1)=144.

[0286] Also isolated was 0.245 g of pyrrolo[3,2,1hi]indole as a white solid.

[0287] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₀H₇N₁ (M⁺, M⁺+1)=141, 142.

Preparation XXXVII (4,5-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0288] Beginning with 4,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,2,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0289] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₃H₁₁N₁O₃ (M⁺+1, M⁺+2)=230, 231.

Preparation XXXVIII (5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Acetamide

[0290] (5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetamide

[0291] To a solution of (5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)oxoacetic acid methyl ester (0.50 g, 2.06 mmol) in 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. was added concentrated ammonium hydroxide (2 mL). The bath was removed and the mixture stirred 3 hours. After diluting with 20 mL of water, the suspension was filtered, washed with 10 mL of water followed by 10 mL of diethyl ether, and dried under reduced pressure to provide 0.403 g (86%) of the desired compound as a light yellow solid.

[0292] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₃H₁₂N₂O₂ (M⁺+1)=229

[0293] Reduction

[0294] To a solution of (5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)acetamide (0.30 g, 1.31 mmol) in dioxane (6 mL) and water (2 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (0.060 g), followed by the careful addition of NaH₂PO₂.H₂O (0.60 g, 5.67 mmol) and the reaction was brought to reflux under nitrogen. After 3 hours an additional 0.60 g of NaH₂PO₂.H₂O was added and the reaction was heated at reflux for another 6 hrs. The mixture was cooled, filtered through a pad of Celite, and washed well with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue triturated with water (20 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered and the recovered solid dried under reduced pressure to provide 0.27 g (96%) of the title compound as a white solid.

[0295] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₃H₁₄N₂O₁ (M⁺+1)=215

Preparation XXXIX 2-(6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Acetamide

[0296] (6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij] quinolin-1-yl)Acetic Acid

[0297] To a solution of glacial acetic acid (80 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (9 mL) was added 3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2H)-quinolinamine (9.5 g, 53.9 mmol) and 2-ketoglutaric acid (9.7 g, 65.1 mmol) and the suspension heated at reflux for 3 hours. After cooling the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in 500 mL of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with water (3×150 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (1×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate,-filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 1-4% methanol in dichloromethane. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4.45 g (34%) of the desired compound as a tan foam. An impure fraction was extracted with 1N sodium hydroxice (2×50 mL) and the combined aqueous layers washed with diethyl ether (20 mL) and made acidic with concentrated hydrochloric acid (8 mL). This aqueous mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2×100 mL), followed by drying (Na₂SO₄) to provide an additional 2.55 g (19%) of desired product

[0298] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₅H₁₇N₁O₂ (M⁺+1)=244

[0299] Amide Formation

[0300] To a solution of (6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)acetic acid (5.7 g, 23.4 mmol) in 100 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. was added N-methylmorpholine (2.9 mL, 26.1 mmol) and 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT, 4.5 g, 24.9 mmol) and the reaction mixture allowed to come to room temperature overnight. After cooling to 0° C., another 4.5 g of CDMT was added and stirring was continued at room temperature for another 2 hours. The solution of activated ester was cooled to −30° C. and 25 mL of ammonia was condensed directly into the flask. After stirring at −30° C. for 1 hour, the reaction was allowed to come to room temperature. The resulting suspension was filtered, and the recovered solid rinsed with 250 mL of tetrahydrofuran. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (1×100 mL), water (1×100 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (1×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and filtered through a 1-inch pad of flash silica gel. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was slurried with 50 mL of diethyl ether, filtered and dried under reduced pressure to provide 3.3 g (58%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

[0301] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₁ (M⁺+1) 243.

Preparation XL 2-(8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Acetamide

[0302] Beginning with 2-(8-fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)oxoacetic acid methyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation XXXVII.

[0303] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₅H₁₇FN₂O (M⁺+1)=261

Preparation XLI (5-phenoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0304] Beginning with 5-phenoxyindole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0305] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₇H₁₃NO₄ (M⁺−1)=294

Preparation XLII (5,6-Difluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)Acetamide

[0306] Beginning with 5,6-difluoroindole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparations II and XXXVII.

[0307] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₀H₈F₂N₂O (M⁺+1)=211

Preparation XLIII (5-Benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0308] Beginning with 5-benzyloxyindole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0309] MS (IS, M/z) C₁₈H₁₅NO₄ (M⁺+1)=310.

Preparation XLIV (7-(2-(triisopropylsilyloxy)eth-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0310] To a solution of 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)indole (2.86 g, 17.7 mmol) in 25 mL of dry dimethylformamide was added imidazole (2.54 g, 37.3 mmol) followed by triisopropylsilyl chloride (4.35 mL, 19.7 mmol) and the mixture stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 3 hours. After diluting with hexanes (500 mL) the organic layer was washed with water (2×50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (1×50 mL) and dried over magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 7-(2-(triisopropylsilyloxy)eth-1-yl)indole. This indole was reacted essentially as described in Preparation II to provide the title compound as a yellow solid.

[0311] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₂H₃₃NO₄Si (M⁺+1)=404

Preparation XLV 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]homodiazepino-[6,7,1-hi]indole

[0312] 7-vinylindole

[0313] To a solution of methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (5.05 g, 14.1 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) was added potassium tert-butoxide (1 M in tetrahydrofuran, 14.1 mL, 14.1 mmol) and the reaction stirred for 45 minutes at room temperature. Next a prepared solution of 7-formylindole (1.00 g, 6.89 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added and the reaction stirred for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (250 mL) and washed with an 8:1 mixture of water and 1 N hydrochloric acid (2×100 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (100 mL), and dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the desired compound as a brown oil.

[0314] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₀H₉N (M⁺+1)=144

[0315] Hydroboration/Oxidation

[0316] To a 0° C. solution of 7-vinylindole 1 (0.95 g, 6.6 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (60 mL) was added 1 M borane-tetrahydrofuran complex in tetrahydrofuran (9.95 mL, 9.95 mmol) and the reaction stirred overnight at room temperature. 1 N sodium hydroxide (25 mL) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (35 mL) were then added and the mixture stirred at reflux for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×50 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.60 g (56%) of the desired compound as a yellow oil.

[0317] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₀H₁₁NO (M⁺+1)=162.

[0318] Alcohol Activation

[0319] A solution of 7-(2-hydroxyeth-1-yl)indole (0.54 g, 3.34 mmol) and triethylamine (2.3 mL, 16.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (45 mL) was stirred at 0° C. To this was added a prepared solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (0.29 mL, 3.68 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) dropwise over 30 minutes and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 hours at room temperature. Upon completion the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and washed with water (30 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×30 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The drying agent was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.

[0320] Nucleophilic Displacement

[0321] To a solution of 7-(2-(methanesulfonyloxy)eth-1-yl)indole (0.79 g, 3.3 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added ethanolamine (5 mL, 82 mmol) and the reaction stirred at reflux overnight. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 mL) and washed with water (3×50 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×50 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.57 g (85%) 7-(2-(N-[2-hydroxyeth-1-yl]amino)eth-1-yl)indole as a light-brown solid.

[0322] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₂H₁₆N2O (M⁺+1)=205

[0323] Ring Formation

[0324] Beginning with 7-(2-(N-[2-hydroxyeth-1-yl]amino)eth-1-yl)indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation IV.

[0325] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₇H₂₂N₂O₂ (M⁺+1)=287

Preparation XLVI (6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]homodiazepino-[6,7,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0326] Beginning with 6-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-5,6-dihydro-6H-[1,4]homodiazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0327] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₅ (M⁺+1)=373

Preparation XLVII 6-((triisopropylsilyloxy)methyl)Indole

[0328] Indole-6-Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

[0329] To a solution of indole-6-carboxylic acid (39.5 g, 245 mmol) in methanol (200 mL) and dichloromethane (750 mL) was added 2 M (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in hexanes (160 mL, 320 mmol) dropwise over 1 hour. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The following day the reaction was concentrated to a thick brown crude oil that was diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×200 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×200 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to form a suspension. The suspension was filtered to provide 43 g of the desired compound as an off-white solid.

[0330] 6-(hydroxymethyl)Indole

[0331] To a solution of indole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester (20.0 g, 114 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1.6 L) stirring under nitrogen at room temperature was added carefully lithium aluminum hydride (8.7 g, 230 mmol) while purging with nitrogen. Following this addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and was then cooled to 0° C. This mixture was treated sequentially with water (9 mL), 15% sodium hydroxide (9 mL), and additional water (25 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 30%-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 16.0 g (95%) of the desired compound as an off-white solid.

[0332] IS-MS, m/e 146.0 (m−1).

[0333] Silylation

[0334] To a solution of 6-(hydroxymethyl)indole (16.0 g, 110 mmol) in dichloromethane (800 mL) stirring at 0° C. under nitrogen was added triethylamine (22.5 mL, 160 mmol). Next a prepared solution of triisopropylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (30.5 mL, 115 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) was added slowly using an addition funnel. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours. The reaction was then diluted with dichlormethane (200 mL) and washed with water (2×200 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride (2×200 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was sujected to silica gel chromatography. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound.

[0335] IS-MS, m/e 302 (m−1).

Preparation XLVIII (6-((triisopropylsilyloxy)methyl)indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0336] Beginning with 6-((triisopropylsilyloxy)methyl)indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0337] IS-MS, m/e 388 (m−1)

Preparation XLIX 9-Chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0338] 5-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0339] A mixture of 5-chloroquinoline (10.0 g) and platinum oxide (50 mg) in acetic acid was shaken under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and filtered through Celite. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate (3×300 mL). The organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified over silica gel and the fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 7.0 g (69%) of the desired compound.

[0340] MS (EI m/z) C₉H₁₀ClN (M+1)

[0341] Ring Formation/Decarboxylation

[0342] Beginning with 5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0343] MS (EI m/z) C₁₁H₁₀ClN (M+) 192.1

[0344] Analysis for C₁₁H₁₀ClN: Calcd: C, 68.93; H 5.25; N, 7.30; Found: C, 69.18; H, 5.25; N, 6.97.

Preparation L (9-chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0345] Beginning with 9-chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0346] MS (IS m/z) C₁₄H₁₂ClNO₃ (M+1) 278

[0347] Analysis for C₁₄H₁₂ClNO₃: Calcd: C, 60.55; H, 4.36; N, 5.04; Found: C, 60.62; H, 4.46; N, 5.00.

Preparation LI 8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0348] Beginning with 6-chloroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation XLVIII.

[0349] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₁H₁₀ClN (M+) 191.9

Preparation LII (8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0350] Beginning with 8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0351] MS (IS, m/z) C₁₄H₁₂ClNO₃ (M+1) 277.8

[0352] Analysis for C₁₄H₁₂ClNO₃: Calcd: C, 60.55; H, 4.36; N, 5.04; Found: C, 60.70; H, 4.35; N, 4.83.

Preparation LIII 5-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0353] 5-fluoroquinoline

[0354] To a suspension of 5-aminoquinoline (50 g, 347 mmol) in 48% HBF₄ (200 mL) at 0° C. was added portionwise sodium nitrite. This was stirred for 1 hour and then poured into 1:1 ethyl acetate/diethyl ether (500 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered and the solid dried. This solid (82.5 g, 338 mmol) was added portionwise to refluxing xylene (1 L) and stirred for 2 hours then allowed to cool. The xylene was decanted off and the residue dissolved in 1N hydrochloric acid (600 mL). After neutralization with sodium carbonate, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (10×500 mL). The extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the volatiles removed under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 10-20% diethyl ether in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 28.1 g (55%) of the desired compound.

[0355] MS (EI, m/z) C₉H₆FN (M+1) 148.0

[0356] Reduction

[0357] A mixture of 5-fluoroquinoline (28.1 g), 5% palladium on carbon (5.6 g) in methanol was shaken over night at 40° C. under 60 psi hydrogen. The mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 5-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 22.5 g (78%) of the title compound.

[0358] MS (EI, m/z) C₉H₁₀FN (M+1) 152.0

Preparation LIV 7-Fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0359] Beginning with 5-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0360] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₁H₁₀FN (M+1) 176.1

[0361] Analysis for C₁₁H₁₀FN: Calcd: C, 75.40; H, 5.75; N, 7.99; Found: C, 75.04; H, 5.64; N, 7.95.

Preparation LV (7-Fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0362] Beginning with 7-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo-[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0363] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₄H₁₂FNO₃ (M+1) 262.1

[0364] Analysis for C₁₄H₁₂FNO₃: Calcd: C, 64.36; H, 4.63; N, 5.36; Found: C, 64.07; H, 4.56; N, 5.06.

Preparation LVI 6-Fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0365] Beginning with 6-aminoquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation LIII.

[0366] MS (EI, m/z) C₉H₁₀FN (M+1) 152.0.

Preparation LVII 8-Fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0367] Beginning with 6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0368] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₁H₁₀FN (M⁺) 175.1

[0369] Analysis for C₁₁H₁₀FN: Calcd: C, 75.40; H, 5.75; N, 7.99; Found: C, 75.95; H, 5.84; N, 8.20.

Preparation LVIII (8-Fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0370] Beginning with 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0371] MS (El, m/z) C₁₄H₁₂FNO₃ (M+1) 262.1

[0372] Analysis for C₁₄H₁₂FNO₃: Calcd: C, 64.36; H, 4.63; N, 5.36; Found: C, 64.01; H, 4.60; N, 5.05.

Preparation LIX N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl] 2-(1H-Indol-6-yl)Ethylamine

[0373] Indole-6-carboxaldehyde

[0374] To a solution of 6-cyanoindole (15.0 g) and sodium hypophosphite (90 g) in water (326 mL), acetic acid (326 mL), and pyridine (652 mL) was added Raney Nickel catalyst and the mixture stirred at 45° C. for 45 minutes. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate extracted with ethyl acetate (3×500 mL). The extracts were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized from a mixture of dichloromethane and hexanes to provide 13.6 g (89%) of the title compound.

[0375] MS (EI, m/z) C₉H₇NO (M+1) 145.9

[0376] 6-(2-Nitrovinyl)-1H-indole

[0377] A mixture of indole-6-carboxaldehyde (2.8 g), nitromethane (30 mL) and ammonium acetate (0.560 g) was stirred at 100° C. for 30 minutes. The excess nitromethane was removed under reduced pressure and the residue washed with water, dissolved in ethyl acetate (500 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of about 50 mL. This solution was then diluted with petroleum ether and the resulting suspension filtered and dried to provide 3.3 g (91%) of the desired compound.

[0378] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₀H₈N₂O₂ (M−1) 186.9

[0379] 2-(1H-Indol-6-yl)Ethylamine

[0380] To a solution of 6-(2-Nitrovinyl)-1H-indole (1.0 g) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added portionwise lithium aluminum hydride (0.95 g) and the resulting mixture stirred at reflux for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was treated sequentially with water (0.95 mL), 15% sodium hydroxide (0.95 mL), and water (2.85 mL). The resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.525 g (62%) of the desired compound.

[0381] MS (EI, m/z) C10H₁₂N₂ (M+1) 160.9

[0382] Nitrogen Protection

[0383] To a solution of 2-(1H-Indol-6-yl)ethylamine (0.50 g) in acetonitrile (25 mL) was added dimethylaminopyridine followed by di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (45 mg). After stirring at room temperature for 24 hours, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), water (2×200 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography, eluting with 20-40% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 0.42 g (52%) of the title compound.

[0384] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₅H₂₀N₂O₂ (M−1) 258.9

Preparation LX (6-(N-[tert-Butoxycarbonyl]2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0385] Beginning with N-[tert-butoxycarbonyl]2-(1H-indol-6-yl)ethylamine, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0386] MS (EI, m/z) C₁₈H₂₂N₂O₅ (M−1) 345.1

Preparation LXI 5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0387] 4H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester and 6H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

[0388] To a solution of 7-formylindole (30 g, 0.206 mol) in dimethylformamide (930 mL) was added cesium carbonate (148.2 g, 0.454 mol) and the mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 30 min. Methyl 3-bromopropionate (51.6 g, 0.308 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and filtered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate was washed with water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride, and the aqueous layers were back extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was passed through a short silica plug and concentrated under reduced pressure. Recrystallization of the crude product from chloroform and hexanes gave 4H-pyrrolo[3,2, 1-ij] quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (17 g, 38.7% yield). Chromatography of the mother liquor gave additional 4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1.27 g, 2.9% yield) and 6H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.51 g, 1.2% yield).

[0389] 4H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 3.82 (s, 3H), 5.27 (d, J=1.47 Hz, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 1H), 6.89˜6.93 (m, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J₁=2.45 Hz, J₂=6.36 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (t, J=1.95 Hz, 1H); MS (ES, m/z) C₁₃H₁₁NO₂ 212.2 (M⁺+1).

[0390] 6H-Pyrrolo[3,2, 1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.94 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=2.94 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=7.58 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=7.82 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=1.46 Hz, 1H)

[0391] 5,6-dihydro-4H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-Carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

[0392] 4H-Pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (10.9 g, 51.1 mmol) and palladium on carbon (5%, 1.1 g) were taken into tetrahydrofuran (300 mL), and the mixture was stirred under 60 psi of hydrogen at room temperature for 8 hours. Additional palladium on carbon (5%, 0.6 g) was added, and the mixture stirred under 60 psi of hydrogen for another 15 hours. Filtration and concentration of filtrate gave the desired compound.

[0393] Reduction

[0394] To a solution of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester (8.78 g, 40.8 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (420 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 100 mL, 100 mmol) dropwise, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, the reaction was quenched by water carefully. The mixture was passed through a short pad of Celite, and concentration of the filtrate gave the title compound.

[0395] MS (electrospray, m/z) C₁₂H₁₃NO: 188.1(M⁺+1), 186.1(M⁺−1).

Preparation LXII (5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester and (5-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0396] To a solution of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline (47 mmol) in dichloromethane (143 mL) at 0° C. was added tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (7.63 g, 49.4 mmol), followed by triethylamine (7.92 mL, 56.4 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (0.58 g, 4.7 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted with dichloromethane and the combined organics dried over sodium sulfate. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-methyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline. This material was treated essentially as described in Preparation II to provide the title compounds.

[0397] (5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl]oxoacetic acid methyl ester: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 2.45˜2.40 (m, 1H), 2.83˜2.76 (m, 1H), 3.00˜2.90 (m, 1H), 3.58˜3.53 (m, 1H), 3.74 (dd, J₁=4.9 Hz, J₂=10.27 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 4.01˜3.95 (m, 1H), 4.30˜4.27 (m, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J₁=1.0 Hz, J₂=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.22˜7.18 (m, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8.31 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H).

[0398] (5-Hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)oxoacetic acid methyl ester: MS (ES, m/z) C₁₅H₁₅NO₄: 274.1 (M⁺+1)

Preparation LXIII 4-Hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0399] 2-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0400] Sodium borohydride (21.7 g, 0.57 mol) was added in portions to a solution of quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (30 g, 0.191 mol) in ethanol (300 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs, and quenched by water. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography. Fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the desired compound and 2-(hydroxymethyl)quinoline. A solution of the recovered 2-(hydroxymethyl)quinoline in ethanol (250 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (250 mL) was hydrogenated at 60 psi in the presence of 5% platinum on carbon at 40° C. for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound.

[0401]¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.64˜1.74 (m, 1H), 1.85˜1.91 (m, 1H), 1.4˜2.3 (br, 2H), 2.68˜2.75 (m, 1H), 2.78˜2.85 (m, 1H), 3.40˜3.46 (m, 1H), 3.51˜3.56 (m, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J₁=3.91 Hz, J₂=10.26 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (dd, J₁=1.0 Hz, J₂=7.83 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dt, J₁=1.0 Hz, J₂=7.33 Hz, 1H), 6.93˜6.98 (m, 2H).

[0402] Ring Formation/Decarboxylation

[0403] Beginning with 2-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0404] MS (ES, m/z)188.1 (M⁺+1), 186.1 (M⁺−1)

Preparation LXIV (4-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester and (4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl]Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0405] Beginning with 4-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compounds were prepared essentially as described in Preparation LXI. (4-Hydroxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)oxoacetic acid methyl ester: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=7.81 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=6.84 Hz, 1H), 4.43˜4.40 (m, 1H), 3.98˜3.88 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.00˜2.93 (m, 2H), 2.38 (br, 1H), 2.24˜2.18 (m, 2H).

[0406] (4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl]Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0407]¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=7.58 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J₁=1.0 Hz, J₂=7.33 Hz, 1H), 4.44˜4.41 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.92˜3.82 (m, 2H), 3.01˜2.98 (m, 2H), 2.26˜2.23 (m, 2H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 6H).

Preparation LXV 6-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2, 1-1j]quinoline

[0408] 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0409] Beginning with quinoline-4-carboxaldehyde, the desired compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation LXII.

[0410]¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.85-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.82˜2.90 (m, 1H), 3.15˜3.26 (m, 2H), 3.66˜3.75 (m, 2H), 6.43 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (dt, J₁=1.50 Hz, J₂=7.33 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dt, J₁=1.50 Hz, J₂ 7.82 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=7.33 Hz, 1H)

[0411] 4-(tert-Butyldiphenylsilyloxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline

[0412] To a solution of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (16.07 g, 0.098 mol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at 0° C. were added sequentially triethylamine (16.3 mL, 0.12 mol), tert-butyldiphenylsilylchloride (28.4 g, 0.103 mol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (0.6 g, 4.9 mmol). After 30 minutes, the solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichlormethane (200 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (50 mL). The organic layers were collected, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography to provide 22.1 g (56%) of the desired compound.

[0413] Ring Formation/Decarboxylation

[0414] Beginning with 4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation I.

[0415] MS (ES, m/z) 426.1 (M⁺+1)

Preparation LXVI 6-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-I,j]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoactic Acid Methyl Ester

[0416] Beginning with 6-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxymethyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-I,j]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0417] MS (ES, m/z) 512.2 (M⁺+1)

Preparation LXVII 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi] indole

[0418] Beginning with indole-7-carboxaldehyde and methyl 4-bromobutyrate, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation LXI.

[0419]¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.78˜1.82 (m, 1H), 2.10˜2.30 (m, 2H), 2.90˜3.00 (m, 1H), 3.10˜3.20 (m, 1H), 3.57˜3.60 (m, 2H), 3.94˜4.05 (m, 1H), 4.30˜4.40 (m, 1H), 6.36 (d, J=3.43 Hz, 1H), 6.87˜6.93 (m, 3H), 7.38˜7.40 (m, 1H)

Preparation LXVIII (6-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indol-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0420] Beginning with 6-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroazepino[3,2,1-hi]indole, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0421] MS (ES, m/z) C₁₆H₁₇NO₄ 288.1 (M⁺+1), 286.2 (M⁺−1)

Preparation LXIX 5,5-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo [3,2,1-ij]quinoline

[0422] Beginning with 3,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (J. Chem. Soc. (Perkin I) 1635-1640 (1987)), the title compound was prepared as described in Preparation I.

Preparation LXX (5,5-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)Oxoacetic Acid Methyl Ester

[0423] Beginning with 5,5-dimethyl-4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Preparation II.

[0424] MS(IS): m/e=272 (M+1)

EXAMPLE 1 3-(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indol-1-yl)-4-(4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)pyrrole-2,5-dione

[0425] To a 0° C. solution of 3-methoxyoxalyl-1,10-diazatricyclo[6.6.1.04,15]pentadeca-2,4,6,8(15)-tetraene-10-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (0.30 g, 0.78 mmol) and 2-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)acetamide (0.16 g, 0.74 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) under nitrogen was added 1 M potassium t-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (2.22 mL, 2.22 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. Upon consumption of the 3-methoxyoxalyl-1,10-diaza-tricyclo[6.6.1.04,15]pentadeca-2,4,6,8(15)-tetraene-10-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, 1 N HCl (2.25 mL) was added slowly over 5 hours and the reaction stirred overnight. The following day 1N HCl (0.45 mL) was again added slowly over 5 hours while monitoring the deprotection of the amine by thin-layer chromatography. Upon observing this deprotected side product, the reaction was diluted in ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with water (2×25 mL), then brine (2×25 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. Upon filtration and in vacuo concentration, the crude product was purified on a flash column (40% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give of the title compound (0.050 g) in 12% yield as a red solid.

[0426] MS (IS, m/z) C₃₃H₃₄N₄O₄ (M⁺+1)=451.

EXAMPLE 2 3-([1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indol-1-yl)-4-(4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)pyrrole-2,5-dione Hydrochloride

[0427] 3-(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino-[8,9,1-hi]indol-1-yl)-4-(4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)pyrrole-2,5-dione (0.030 g, 0.06 mmol) was treated with 4 N HCl in dioxane (5 mL) for 2 hours. Then, the solvent was evaporated to give the title compound (0.020 g) in 77% yield as an orange solid.

[0428] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₅H₂₀N₄O₂.HCl (M⁺+1)=4.09.

EXAMPLE 3

[0429]

[0430] To a solution of 3-(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-[1,5]diazaperhydroonino[8,9,1-hi]indol-1-yl)-4-(4,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)pyrrole-2,5-dione (0.045 g, 0.082 mmol) in acetic acid (2.5 mL) was added palladium acetate (0.021 g, 0.09 mmol). The reaction stirred at 60° C. for 24 hours. Additional palladium acetate (0.010 g, 0.045 mmol) was then added, and the mixture was stirred for another 24 hours at 60° C. On the third day, a final portion of palladium acetate (0.010 g, 0.045 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 5 hours. Upon completion the reaction was diluted with methanol (50 mL) and the crude solid was filtered. This solid was then purified on a coarse silica column (60% tetrahydrofuran toluene) to give 17 mg of the yellow solid Boc-protected carbazole which was then treated with HCl (4 N in dioxane, 0.5 mL, 2 mmol) and dichloromethane (0.5 mL). The slurry was stirred for 3 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was slurried in dichloromethane and filtered to give the desired compound (0.012 g) in 30% yield as a yellow solid.

[0431] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₈H₂₄N₄O₂.HCl (M⁺+1-HCl)=449.

EXAMPLE 4 7-[4-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0432] Beginning with 2-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)acetamide and 7-Methoxyoxalyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 5

[0433]

[0434] Beginning with 7-[4-(5,6-Dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi] indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the desired compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 3.

[0435] MS (IS, m/z) C₂₆H₂₀N₄O₂.HCl (M⁺+1-HCl)=421.

EXAMPLE 6 7-[4-(5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0436] Beginning with 7-Carbamoylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and (5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid methyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 1.

[0437] IS-MS, m/e 549.3 (m−1).

EXAMPLE 7 3-(5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-7-yl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione

[0438] Beginning with 7-[4-(5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the deprotected title compound was prepared essentially as Example 2.

[0439] IS-MS, m/e 451.5 (m+1).

EXAMPLE 8

[0440]

[0441] Beginning with 7-[4-(5,5-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example 3.

[0442] IS-MS, m/e 449.3 (m+1).

EXAMPLE 9 7-[4-(8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0443] Beginning with 7-Carbamoylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and (8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid methyl est er, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example

[0444]¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 1.29 (9H, s), 1.37 (6H, s), 1.93 (2H, t, J=4.2 Hz), 3.85 (2H, br), 4.19 (2H, br), 4.44 (2H, br), 4.78 (1H, s), 4.81 (1H, s), 6.05-6.12 (1H, m), 6.66 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 6.75 (1H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 6.81 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 6.85-6.89 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, s), 7.87 (1H, d, J=14.4 Hz), 10.93 (1H, s).

EXAMPLE 10 3-(8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino [6,7,1-hi]indol-7-yl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione

[0445] Beginning with 7-[4-(8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 2.

[0446] IS-MS, m/e 567.3 (m−1).

EXAMPLE 11

[0447]

[0448] Beginning with 7-[4-(8-Fluoro-6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the desired compound was prepared essentially as described in Example 3.

[0449] IS-MS, m/e 467.2 (m+1).

EXAMPLE 12 7-[4-(6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0450] Beginning with 7-methoxyoxalyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi] indole-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and 2-(6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-acetamide, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example 1.

[0451] IS-MS, m/e 549.4 (m−1).

EXAMPLE 13 3-(6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-7-yl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione

[0452] Beginning with 7-[4-(6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example 2.

[0453]¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): δ 1.29 (6H, s), 1.94 (2H, t, J=3.2 Hz) 3.63-3.70 (2H, m), 4.22 (2H, t, J=3.2 Hz), 4.56 (2H, br), 4.64 (2H, s), 6.39 (1H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 6.67 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 6.76 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 6.95 (2H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.04 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 7.67 (1H, s), 7.86 (1H, s), 9.71 (2H, br), 10.95 (1H, s).

EXAMPLE 14

[0454]

[0455] Beginning with 7-[4-(6,6-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7, 1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the desired compound was prepared essentially as Example 3.

[0456] IS-MS, m/e 449.3 (m+1).

EXAMPLE 15 7-[4-(4,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-Carboxylic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

[0457] Beginning with 7-Carbamoylmethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester and (4,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-oxo-acetic acid methyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example 1.

[0458] IS-MS, m/e 549 (m−1).

EXAMPLE 16 3-(4,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi]indol-7-yl)-pyrrole-2,5-dione

[0459] Beginning with 7-[4-(4,4-Dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-1-yl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,4]diazepino[6,7,1-hi] indole-2-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester, the title compound was prepared essentially as Example 2.

[0460] IS-MS, m/e 451.5 (m+1).

[0461] The ability of the compounds of Formula I to inhibit CDK4 activity is demonstrated by the following assays.

Assay of Cyclin D1-cdk4 kinase activity with the ING Peptide as Substrate

[0462] The cyclin D1-cdk4 kinase activity of a compound was assayed by preparing a 100 ul reaction at the following concentrations: 35 mM Hepes pH 7.0, 10 mM MgCl₂, 300 uM ATP, 200 uM ING peptide, 1.0 uCi of γ-³³P-ATP, 4.34 ug of cyclin D-cdk4 enzyme, 4% DMSO, and various concentrations of inhibitor. The reaction was incubated at room temperature (about 74° F.) for 60 minutes, and then terminated by the addition of 100 ul of 10% phosphoric acid. Next, the reaction was filtered through a Millipore Multiscreen-PH Plate—Catalog number MAPH NOB 10, and the plate was washed 2 times with 320 ul each of 0.5% phosphoric acid, followed by the addition of 100 ul of scintillation fluid and quantitation on a Packard Instruments, Top Count, scintillation counter. Representative examples of the results of these experiments are summarized in the following table. TABLE II Kinase Activity Compound with ING (μM)

0.6051

0.0354

0.0510

0.4133

0.1432

0.6210

0.1861

0.5372

0.3489

Assay of Cyclin D1-cdk4 Kinase Activity with the Rb21 Protein as Substrate

[0463] The cyclin D1-cdk4 kinase activity of a compound was assayed by preparing a 100 ul reaction at the following concentrations: 20 mM Hepes pH 7.0, 10 mM MgCl₂, 30 uM ATP, 5 ug of Rb21 protein (Santa Cruz Biotech, Catalog # sc-4112), 1.0 uCi of γ-³³P-ATP, 1.09 ug of cyclin D-cdk4 enzyme, 4% DMSO, and various concentrations of inhibitor. The reaction was incubated at room temperature (about 74° F.) for 60 minutes, and then terminated by the addition of 100 ul of 25% trichloroacetic acid. Next, the reaction was filtered through a Millipore Multiscreen-FC Plate—Catalog number MAFC NOB 10, and the plate was washed 2 times with 320 ul each of 10% trichloroacetic acid, followed by the addition of 100 ul of scintillation fluid and quantitation on a Packard Instruments, Top Count, scintillation counter. Representative examples of the results of these experiments are summarized in the following table. TABLE III Kinase Activity Compound with Rb2l (μM)

0.3358

0.0058

0.1957

[0464] The ability of CDK4 inhibitors to treat proliferative disorders is illustrated by the following assays.

[0465] Cell Growth Inhibition Assay

[0466] The MTT assay was used to measure growth inhibitory activity (Schultz, R. M., et. al. Oncology Res. 5, 223-228, 1993). The IC50 was determined as the concentration of drug required to inhibit cell growth by 50% over 72 h of drug exposure. Basically, 1000 HCT-116 or NCI H460 cells were added per well to 96-well flat-bottom plates in 100-ul RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. The plates were incubated for 24 h prior to addition of test compounds. A stock solution (10 mM) was prepared in DMSO and serially diluted in medium. Compound dilutions were added to triplicate wells, and the plates were incubated for 72 hours. The compound of Example 5 was tested in this assay and was found to inhibit cell growth.

[0467] Cell Cycle Analysis Using Flow Cytometry The HCT-116 and NCI H460 cell lines were seeded in 75 cm² flasks at 5×10⁵ cells/25 ml RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. They were incubated for 24 hours. Compound is then added at lx IC50 and 3× IC50 (determined from above section “growth inhibition studies”) and incubated for an additional 24 hours. The cells were subsequently harvested and the protocol (Robinson, J. P. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. Current Protocols in Cytometry. 1997) for staining was followed. DNA histogram analysis was performed using ModFit LT(Verity House). The coumpound of Example 5 was tested in this assay and was found to arrest cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

[0468] Inhibition of Rb Phosphorylation Assay

[0469] Human HCT116 colon carcinoma cell line was purchased from American Tissue Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) and maintained as monolayer in RPMI-1640 with L-Glutamine and 25 mM HEPES supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in a 37° C. incubator with a 10% CO₂ atmosphere. The detection of mycoplasm in cultured cells was performed using Mycoplasma Rapid Detection System (TaKaRa Shuzo Co. Ltd., Shiga, Japan) every 2-3 months and the cells were found consistently negative throughout these experiments. The Rb phosphorylation assay was done be plating 4×10⁵ cells/well in 6-well plates. After 24 hours, exponentially growing HCT116 cells were treated with compounds at 1×, 2× and 3× IC₅₀ (as determined by MMT assay) or DMSO in complete medium for 24 hours. At the end of the incubation period the mediumj was removed and the cells were washed twice with cold PBS containing 1 mM sodium orthovanadate (Na₃VO₄). Cellular protein lysates were prepared by adding freshly prepared 50 uL/well lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodim pyrophospate, 50 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 ug/mL Aprotinin, 10 ug/mL Leupeptin, and 10 ug/mL Pepstatin). The cell lysates were collected and incubated on ice for 30 min with frequent brief vortexing. Cellular debris was removed by centrifugation at 14000× g for 10 min at 4° C. Protein concentration was determined by the Bio-Rad DC protein assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). To analyze extracts, equal amounts of protein (30 ug) were dissolved in 1× Laemmli sample buffer, bioled for 5 min and resolved by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gels containing SDS. The proteins were transferred to Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Membranes were incubated with 5% non-fat dried milk in TBS-T (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, 150 mm NaCl, and 0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at room temperature to block non-specific sites. Immunoblotting was done by incubating membranes with alpha-Phospho-Ser-780 pRb (1 ug/mL, New England Biolab, Beverly, Mass.) and alpha-actin (0.2 ug/mL) antibodies in TBS-T containing 5% non-fat dried milk for overnight at 4° C. Membranes were washed three times (15 min each) in TBS-T, and subsequently incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit (1:2000) and anti-mouse (1:1000) antibody (Amersham) in TBS-T. Membranes were washed three times (15 min each) with TBS-T, and incubated for 5 min in SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent reagents (Pierce, Rockford Ill.). Proteins were detected by capturing image of the membrane using Quantity One Software on a Fluor-S multi-Imager (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) in a linear range. Specific bands were quantified using Quantity One Software. After correcting for variable loading using actin as a control, Ser-780 phosphorylated pRb protein levels in the drug treated samples were compared with that of cells treated with vehicle (DMSO). Results are expressed as a percentage inhibition of Ser-780 pRb phosphorylation in drug treated cells versus control DMSO treated cells. The compound of Example 5 was tested in this assay and was found to inhibit Rb (retinoblastoma protein) phosphorylation.

[0470] The compounds of this invention are bioavailable through several routes of administration including, but not limited to, oral, buccal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, intraocular, transdermal, rectal and by inhalation. Because compounds of this invention are potent CDK4 inhibitors, extremely low doses are required to maintain therapeutic levels.

[0471] While it is possible to administer a compound employed in the methods of this invention directly without any formulation, the compounds are usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and at least one active ingredient. These compositions can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, buccal, rectal, intranasal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. Many of the compounds employed in the methods of this invention are effective as both injectable and oral compositions. Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, (16th ed. 1980).

[0472] In making the compositions employed in the present invention the active ingredient is usually mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing for example up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

[0473] In preparing a formulation, it may be necessary to mill the active compound to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it ordinarily is milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size is normally adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh.

[0474] Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

[0475] The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 0.001 to about 100 mg, more usually about 1.0 to about 30 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

[0476] The active compounds are generally effective over a wide dosage range. For examples, dosages per day normally fall within the range of about 0.0001 to about 30 mg/kg of body weight. In the treatment of adult humans, the range of about 0.1 to about 15 mg/kg/day, in single or divided dose, is especially preferred. However, it will be understood that the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound or compounds administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient's symptoms, and therefore the above dosage ranges are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. In some instances dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect, provided that such larger doses are first divided into several smaller doses for administration throughout the day.

Formulation Example 1

[0477] Hard gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients are prepared: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Compound of Example 2 30.0 Starch 305.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0

[0478] The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 340 mg quantities.

Formulation Example 2

[0479] A tablet formula is prepared using the ingredients below: Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Compound of Example 3 25.0 Cellulose, microcrystalline 200.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0

[0480] The components are blended and compressed to form tablets, each weighing 240 mg.

Formulation Example 3

[0481] A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the following components: Ingredient Weight % Compound of Example 4 5 Lactose 95

[0482] The active mixture is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is added to a dry powder inhaling appliance.

Formulation Example 4

[0483] Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are prepared as follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Compound of Example 5 30.0 mg Starch 45.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 35.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone  4.0 mg (as 10% solution in water) Sodium carboxymethyl starch  4.5 mg Magnesium stearate  0.5 mg Talc  1.0 mg Total  120 mg

[0484] The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are then passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50-60° C. and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc, previously passed through a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 120 mg.

Formulation Example 5

[0485] Capsules, each containing 40 mg of medicament are made as follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Compound of Example 6  40.0 mg Starch 109.0 mg Magnesium stearate  1.0 mg Total 150.0 mg

[0486] The active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 150 mg quantities.

Formulation Example 6

[0487] Suppositories, each containing 25 mg of active ingredient are made as follows: Ingredient Amount Compound of Example 7   25 mg Saturated fatty acid glycerides to 2,000 mg

[0488] The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool.

Formulation Example 7

[0489] Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of medicament per 5.0 ml dose are made as follows: Ingredient Amount Compound of Example 8 50.0 mg Xanthan gum  4.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11%) Microcrystalline cellulose (89%) 50.0 mg Sucrose 1.75 g Sodium benzoate 10.0 mg Flavor and Color q.v. Purified water to  5.0 ml

[0490] The medicament, sucrose and xanthan gum are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in water. The sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.

Formulation Example 8

[0491] Capsules, each containing 15 mg of medicament, are made as follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Compound of Example 9  15.0 mg Starch 407.0 mg Magnesium stearate  3.0 mg Total 425.0 mg

[0492] The active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 425 mg quantities.

Formulation Example 9

[0493] An intravenous formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity Compound of Example 10 250.0 mg Isotonic saline  1000 ml

Formulation Example 10

[0494] A topical formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity Compound of Example 11 1-10 g Emulsifying Wax 30 g Liquid Paraffin 20 g White Soft Paraffin to 100 g

[0495] The white soft paraffin is heated until molten. The liquid paraffin and emulsifying wax are incorporated and stirred until dissolved. The active ingredient is added and stirring is continued until dispersed. The mixture is then cooled until solid.

Formulation Example 11

[0496] Sublingual or buccal tablets, each containing 10 mg of active ingredient, may be prepared as follows: Quantity Ingredient Per Tablet Compound of Example 12  10.0 mg Glycerol 210.5 mg Water 143.0 mg Sodium Citrate  4.5 mg Polyvinyl Alcohol  26.5 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone  15.5 mg Total 410.0 mg

[0497] The glycerol, water, sodium citrate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone are admixed together by continuous stirring and maintaining the temperature at about 90° C. When the polymers have gone into solution, the solution is cooled to about 50-55° C. and the medicament is slowly admixed. The homogenous mixture is poured into forms made of an inert material to produce a drug-containing diffusion matrix having a thickness of about 2-4 mm. This diffusion matrix is then cut to form individual tablets having the appropriate size.

[0498] Another preferred formulation employed in the methods of the present invention employs transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlled amounts. The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252, issued Jun. 11, 1991, herein incorporated by reference. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

[0499] Frequently, it will be desirable or necessary to introduce the pharmaceutical composition to the brain, either directly or indirectly. Direct techniques usually involve placement of a drug delivery catheter into the host's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier. One such implantable delivery system, used for the transport of biological factors to specific anatomical regions of the body, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,472, issued Apr. 30, 1991, which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0500] Indirect techniques, which are generally preferred, usually involve formulating the compositions to provide for drug latentiation by the conversion of hydrophilic drugs into lipid-soluble drugs or prodrugs. Latentiation is generally achieved through blocking of the hydroxy, carbonyl, sulfate, and primary amine groups present on the drug to render the drug more lipid soluble and amenable to transportation across the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, the delivery of hydrophilic drugs may be enhanced by intra-arterial infusion of hypertonic solutions which can transiently open the blood-brain barrier.

[0501] The type of formulation employed for the administration of the compounds employed in the methods of the present invention may be dictated by the particular compounds employed, the type of pharmacokinetic profile desired from the route of administration and the compound(s), and the state of the patient. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula I

where: A and B are independently O or S; X and Y are both hydrogen or, taken together, form a bond; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁵ and R⁵′ are optionally up to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio and arylthio; R⁶ and R⁶′ are optionally up to three substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁷ and R⁷′ are optionally substituents independently selected from (C₁-C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—Z; Z is halo, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)₃SiO-, (diphenyl) (C₁-C₆ alkyl)SiO, carboxy, (C₁-C₄ alkoxy)carbonyl, or NR⁸R^(9;) R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl; R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; or R⁸ and R⁹ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocycle optionally substituted with one or two hydroxy, amino, or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups; Q¹ and Q⁶ are independently O, S(O)_(n) or —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; Q² and Q⁵ are independently selected from a carbon-carbon single bond, a carbon-carbon double bond, —NR¹⁰—, or —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—; Q³ and Q⁴ are independently selected from —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; R¹⁰ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, hetroarylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, substituted (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; R¹¹ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl,; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered saturated heterocycle; m is independently at each occurance 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is independently at each occurance 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. A compound of claim 1 where X and Y, taken together, form a bond.
 3. A compound of claim 1 or 2 where Q2 is a carbon-carbon single bond.
 4. A compound of claim 1, 2, or 3 where Q⁵ is —NR¹⁰—.
 5. A compound of claim 1, 2, or 3 where Q⁵ is —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—.
 6. A compound of claim 4 where R¹⁰ is hydrogen.
 7. A compound of claim 5 where R10 is hydrogen.
 8. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of Formula I

where: A and B are independently O or S; X and Y are both hydrogen or, taken together, form a bond; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁵ and R⁵′ are optionally up to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio and arylthio; R⁶ and R⁶′ are optionally up to three substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁷ and R⁷′ are optionally substituents independently selected from (C₁-C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—Z; Z is halo, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)₃SiO—, (diphenyl) (C₁-C₆ alkyl)SiO, carboxy, (C₁-C₄ alkoxy)carbonyl, or NR⁸R⁹; R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl,; R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; or R⁸ and R⁹ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocycle optionally substituted with one or two hydroxy, amino, or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups; Q¹ and Q⁶ are independently O, S(O)_(n) or —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; Q² and Q⁵ are independently selected from a carbon-carbon single bond, a carbon-carbon double bond, —NR¹⁰—, or —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—; Q³ and Q⁴ are independently selected from —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; R¹⁰ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, hetroarylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, substituted (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; R¹¹ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered saturated heterocycle; m is independently at each occurance 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is independently at each occurance 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. A method for inhibiting CDK4, comprising administering to a mammal in need of said inhibition an effective amount of a compound of Formula I

where: A and B are independently O or S; X and Y are both hydrogen or, taken together, form a bond; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁵ and R⁵′ are optionally up to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, benzyloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio and arylthio; R⁶ and R⁶′ are optionally up to three substituents independently selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁷ and R⁷′ are optionally substituents independently selected from (C₁-C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—Z; Z is halo, hydroxy, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)₃SiO—, (diphenyl) (C₁-C₆ alkyl)SiO, carboxy, (C₁-C₄ alkoxy)carbonyl, or NR⁸R⁹; R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl; R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkanoyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; or R⁸ and R⁹ taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated heterocycle optionally substituted with one or two hydroxy, amino, or C₁-C₆ alkyl groups; Q¹ and Q⁶ are independently O, S(O)_(n) or —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; Q² and Q⁵ are independently selected from a carbon-carbon single bond, a carbon-carbon double bond, —NR¹⁰—, or —NR¹⁰—CHR¹¹—; Q³ and Q⁴ are independently selected from —(CH₂)₁₋₃—; R¹⁰ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, hetroarylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl, (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, substituted (C₁-C₅ alkyl)carbonyl, an amino acid residue, a protected amino acid residue, β-(pyridinyl)alaninyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl; R¹¹ is independently at each occurance hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkenyl; or R¹⁰ and R¹¹ taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered saturated heterocycle; m is independently at each occurance 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is independently at each occurance 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. A method of claim 9 where the mammal is a human. 